How the internet has affected Music

Before the invention of the Internet, Music was available from many sources. Most commonly, people would venture out into their local town and buy CD's and records from music stores such as HMV and Virgin. Sometimes they would even record a friend's CD onto tape instead of buying it. With the advance of technology, people could even record from CD to CD. Music piracy existed before the invention of the Internet. This essay will focus on the effects the Internet has had on the Music industry Microsoft are one of the most important companies involved in this issue because they make they make the most readily recognised software to access the Internet and to stream media. (Streaming media is when media is listened to or watched when the media is situated on the Internet and not on your computer). Due to Microsoft's monopolisation of the software market, few other companies were significant. However, in previous years, other companies have started to greatly affect the Internet side of this story. The most well known story of a company defying Microsoft's power is the story of Napster and Metallica. Napster provided a free file-sharing service which let millions of users across the Internet ‘share' their music files, which meant anyone with this program could download any music that was on another user's computer. Metallica, a Heavy Metal band formed in 1981, are the second highest grossing Heavy Metal band after Iron Maiden. They filed a lawsuit against Napster in the US District Court, Central District of California, alleging that the company encourages piracy by enabling and allowing its users to trade copyrighted songs through its servers. This is the main disadvantage of the Internet's affects on the Music Industry. Bands, record companies and music shops are all suffering from this new craze to download or ‘share' music files across the Internet. The common misconseption is that the music is on the Internet, but most people get music from Peer-to-Peer programs (P2P). This means that people can share their music with the rest of the world. Users then search for the music they want and download it. Although Napster has now been reduced to a subscription based service, the main program that is used with Internet piracy is Kazaa. Not only can you download music using this program, but you can also download videos, pictures and software through the new Broadband services available to the public. Broadband is up to ten times faster than a normal Internet connection. As you can see from above, you can find hundreds of files to download, some with a download time of only 32 seconds for one whole song. If I can draw your attention to the magnified section of the picture, you can see there was over 3 million users sharing their files at that point in time. This is the reality of the Internet; people download albums instead of buying them, which severely damages the music industry. However, before the invention of file sharing programs, and before Windows 98, the Music Industry was beginning to be helped by the Internet Music Companies were the first to capitalise on the new medium to advertise their company. Record companies such as EMI and Sony set up websites that advertised their corporate image and focused little on product promotion. However, with the release of Windows 98, web pages could be viewed in a secure form, where no one else but you could view the web page. (See left) Once consumers had been convinced that their credit card numbers and their personal details could not be ‘hacked', the Internet was revolutionised. The most famous companies to capitalise on this technology are Amazon. com and CDNow. Both offer services where the consumer buys the product from the website, and then the product is delivered to the consumers doorstep. The choice is overwhelming, with the consumer not only having the luxury of purchasing from home, but they also have a huge choice of products which are not available at their local record store. Here is an example of a rare Judas Priest import which is difficult to find here in the U. K. However, you simply need to type in your details and depending on how you have it shipped; you can have it the next day. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage for the Music Industry. It is positive for the consumers and the artists, because their material is easy to buy. Conversely, it is a disadvantage for music stores because people will simply stay at home and buy music. Bands have a lot to gain from the Internet. They can promote their band by making a website full of details, pictures, news and event dates, and even samples of the band's music. This draws larger audiences for bands and they can also be ‘discovered' by record companies who have seen their website. A further advantage is that bands can save money while controlling their CD sales. A band can record their own music in a studio and then distribute it themselves, therefore cutting out the publishing costs. Finally, to the present day, where connection speeds to the Internet are rising, and the number of people sharing music is soaring. How will the Music Industry survive? Microsoft could hold the key. It is rumoured that the next version of Windows will only play media that has been created on your computer, stopping the file sharing craze dead in its tracks. Is it true? Only time will tell.

Turning Points in History

A turning point is a point at which a significant change occurs that can have serious effects on the world. There are negative turning points, which effect the world in a negative way, and there are positive one's where beneficial things will come out of the change. Many turning points have occurred during history. Two examples of turning points in history are the bubonic plague in Europe and northern Africa where many died of a fatal disease, and Humanism that occurred in Europe where people valued the individual needs of the person over traditional authority. Both of these events were times of great change and effected the world on a large scale. The Black Death, also known as the Black Plague or the Bubonic Plague killed one third of the population of Europe during its reign in the 13th and 14th centuries. The arrival of this plague set the scene for years of strife and heroism. Leaving the social and economic aspect in a standstill. The phantom of death became a subject of art, music and folklore and it influenced the consciousness of the people. The impact of this mass killer caused enormous chaos and havoc to the medieval society because of its unknown origin, the unknown causes and prevention†s, its deathly symptoms and its breakdown of orderly life. As a result religion was greatly affected and changed. This event can be known as a turning point because it effected the people of the world by killing off a massive number of people during the 13 and 14th centuries. The black or bubonic plague can also be known as a turning point because it helped bring about physicians. Most explanations about the plague were based on folklore, superstition, and rumor. Blame was frequently placed on travelers and other suspicious outsiders but after careful study people now truly understood that the plague was natural and caused by such things as an infected flea and not supernatural occurrences. Now that people learned that disease and sickness can be cured only by medical means and not by supernatural occurrences, the medical industry grew and people could now be cured if they were sick. Another turning point in history is humanism during the Renaissance, which is a way of life centered on human interests or values. Humanism is a time that rejected supernaturalism and stressed an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason. Humanism helped make people think for themselves and helped bring out people's differences. Humanism is or is one of the most important turning points in history. During humanism people sought better lives and sought to expand their education to understand why things happened the way they did. The Renaissance was an incredibly important turning point in Western Intellectual and Cultural Tradition. The major political changes of the Renaissance were from the old Feudal System of the Middle Ages into a more flexible and liberal class system. The great changes in Education of the Renaissance were inspired at first, by the desire of Humanists to be wise and to speak eloquently. The idea of useful education for people was part of the new defined goals of Renaissance education. People began seriously questioning what philosophers said and re-developed the Scientific Theory, in which one didn't just accept whatever was said, but tested the truth of it. Due to advanced technology artists could also now take advantage of new techniques, such as oil painting to enhance the quality of their works. It is shown the Renaissance was to great extent a major turning point in history from the Middle Ages in just about every element of the Society. The Renaissance has become the original roots of culture from the West. This was the time when people questioned the past, and decided to go back to school. In conclusion, It is shown that both of these events described are turning points and were very significant back when they occurred and now. Although many important events do occur in history, turning points don't occur all that often, and when they do they impact the world on a large scale. It has also been shown that a turning point can have positive and negative effects on history. As seen in the bubonic plague. Although many died terrible deaths the medical industry greatly expanded and now doctors were able to cure diseases. It is also shown that humanism taught people to think for themselves and question traditional authority. It also motivated the individual to learn, and become more educated. Both of these events have changed the modern and ancient world drastically.

Finance - Budgeting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Finance - Budgeting Paper - Essay Example Thus, an external way is proposed to finance the budget deficit financed by collection of taxes. The budget deficit is expected to accrue from the demand of residents of Kelsey state for more security operations around the City of Kelsey to curb the rising insecurity levels in recent times (Premchad 1989). Also, the recent federal government policy to cut down state government financial allocations will reduce the amount of funds needed to satisfy all the state priorities. The money sourced from the new source is to be fully allocated to the security department within the city council of Kelsey. This will be essential for more local policing surveillance around the city and its environs. Also, in order to fill the deficit created, the budget committee has proposed a number of fund reductions in some state operations in the coming year. The fund that would have being allocated to the proposed departments to face fund reduction, is under the proposal of the committee to be channeled to wards hiring more police officers, increased surveillance and building of new prisons in the coming fiscal year (Adams and Williams 2010). 2.0 June 2012/ June 2013 Budget Plan; The budgetary plan for this fiscal year as illustrated below is an outline of the general framework of budget goals and objectives that needs to be met on state operations, servicing debts, capital expenditure, state reserves and financial reporting (Lee, Joyce and Wayne 2008). The budget plan proposal for this fiscal year provides standards that can allow current budget performance to be measured against in the future budget proposals that may face similar or unique problems the city of Kelsey is currently facing. The city is facing a security threat from a rate of crime it has never faced before. The rate of crime has been noted as a big threat towards the social, political and economical development to the resident of Kelsey city. This has called for an immediate action against the crimes to prevent the ci ty from the posing disaster. I, as the budget manager of Kelsey state fiscal budget together with the budget committee have come up with a budget proposal that tries to reflect the cure of the problem (Riley and Colby 1991). The annual budget, under the fiscal policy of Kelsey state as per the state statue is adopted by November and completed in June. The budget is required under the state fiscal policy also, to be debated for six months prior to its adoption. Under the current environment of an escalating crime level, I have proposed that the fiscal cycle to be amended in order for the security concerned departments to access funds to curb the crimes. The budget proposal should be debated in the month of May by the mayor and the council and adopted in June. This has been noted that it will be against the fiscal policy of Kelsey state, but it will be necessary in the fight against the crime level before it hits uncontrollable level. 2.1 Operating budget plan; The current revenues wi ll not be enough to finance current operating expenditures. This is as a result of the proposal to increase budget allocation towards policing operations. The estimated general fund for the state operating revenue is expected to be $ 40 millions and the expenditures under operations are expected to be $ 50 millions. The ratio of the two estimates stands at 1: 1.25 which means the estimated

Money Making Trends for 2011 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Money Making Trends for 2011 - Essay Example Money Making Trends for 2011 Internet marketing business is very easy and quite cheap to set up. All that one needs is a personal computer and ample and reliable internet. Individuals can set up internet marketing businesses by themselves or they can combine effort with their friends or family and set up a formidable enterprise. The Internet marketing environment is a highly competitive field, therefore innovation in the business is crucial. This means that the human resources required for any competitive online marketing business should have relevant skills. Some of the people needed in today’s internet marketing business include copywriters, technicians and business managers. Like any other business, the internet marketing business needs to market itself to prospective customers and clients. One of the most effective means of marketing such businesses is through the utilization of social networking sites. Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are effective tools to use in order to reach a sizable number of people. The use of video networking is also gaining ground as a way of reaching out to prospective customers. Search engine optimization still remains an important aspect of advertising for internet marketing businesses (Bailey, 2011). ... The trend for 2011 in this business lies in the utilization of quality Electronic Medical Record software that can guarantee accurate work (Lange, 2011). Money Making Trends for 2011 The use of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) remains very popular in the medical billing business. The EMR technology has been upgraded in such a way that the workflow of clinicians is well streamlined and integrated with all the important aspects of revenue cycle and practice management. The type f business ownership required for medical billing is a home-based or even an office based sole proprietorship. The business is very easy to set up and one only needs to be constantly in touch with clinicians and other healthcare providers through the internet. A small medical billing business would not require much in terms of human resources. However, apart from the business owner, one or two assistants and a technician would make work easier and much more efficient. Medical billing is a specific niche business , it only attracts medical practitioners. As such the kind of marketing that would be most appropriate for medical billers is though search engine optimization especially in websites that contain medical related content (Lange, 2011). Virtual Assistant A virtual assistant is an independent contractor who offers remote administrative services for other businesses. Virtual businesses have taken over the place of traditional brick and mortar space as businesses seek way through which they can reduce fixed costs as well as overhead expenses. The proliferation of technology has meant that more businesses are now more than ever willing to launch their operations online and reach as many customers as possible. There is a wide pool of virtual expertise available. This

Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Responses - Essay Example Especially, I liked the line in these debates, initiated by Prof. Meilaender. The participants have been discussing the contrasts between scientist Aylmer and his "earthly" assistant Aminadab, and the conclusion was: even "animal nature" has better intuition and can understand danger and worthlessness of human involving into "God's business". Besides, I totally agree with the experts, that Aylmer's perfectionism in the story is extremely aggressive, and his attempt to remove the birthmark is a very repulsive act. It is really unbelievable, how can a birthmark of his loving and caring young wife, who is loyal and devoted to her husband, become such an annoying element There are thousands of people among us, who live with much more ugly defects of skin or body, but it does not change attitude and care of their loving relatives and true friends. Only I do not quite share the position of Prof. Mary Ann Glendon and some other experts, who hesitated in Aylmer's being "a man of science". They called him "magician" or "narcissist". I suppose, he was a good and very experienced scientist and alchemist, because there were few opportunities for studying "real science" in those times. To my mind, Aylmer got into a psychological trap and started hating his wife for her birthmark not because only of his scientific aspirations for perfection, but becau

Reflective commentary of research process Paper

Reflective commentary of process - Research Paper Example Furthermore, I felt that my dissertation should contribute to the wellbeing of the society that I am a member of. From this holistic perspective, I chose to study the literature on disaster management and its status in this country. My search of the relevant background information gave me an understanding of the steps that have been undertaken in disaster management in America, to prepare the nation in meeting the threats that are posed by natural and man made calamities. Several agencies and elements contribute to effective preparedness of the nation to face calamities. Scrutiny of the elements led me to understand that a critical element in disaster preparedness focused on those that are called upon the scene or voluntarily present themselves at the scene of a disaster to provide succour to the disaster victims at the outset. Therefore, disaster preparedness of a nation hinged on what we may term these ‘first responders’ at the site of a disaster. My next exploration i n the background literature pertained to these first responders, and the measures that have been taken to increase the effectiveness of the first responders at disaster sites. I found that there was ample information on the measures that were taken, but limited information on the effectiveness of the measures that have been put in place, to enhance the efficacy of the first responders to disaster sites. Therefore, I decided that my research should focus on this area, and have chosen to do a critical review on the disaster preparedness in America, tracing the background of disaster preparedness efforts in the nation, and the importance of the first responders, and finally focussing on assessing the preparedness of the first responders to cope with disaster management. Having found my research problem, the next task I undertook was to find a suitable title for my dissertation. My reading of information on the development of titles for a dissertation provided the information of the tit le needing to be succinct and catchy. After a great deal of thought I arrived at the conclusion of highlighting the subject of the study and the focus of the study through the title† Disaster Management: An Evaluation of the Disaster Preparedness of the â€Å"First Responders†. Developing the Objectives of the Study From the volume of information that was being collected, I realized that I needed to set objectives for my study, if not I would meander in finding the solutions for the subject and focus of the study, making my study aimless and results not gratifying for the efforts put in. My readings on setting objectives for the study also made me realize to keep myself focused on a limited set of objectives that were achievable, and not to try to take on more than I could chew. With this in mind, I developed three objectives that were achievable and relevant to providing answers to the problem that I was studying in detail. Developing the Research Method Having set my objectives, the next step in my journey in creating the dissertation proposal was in finding the efficient means to achieving the objectives of finding answers I was searching for that would be academically reliable and valid. All my earlier experiences in dissertations and my readings of dissertations clearly marked out that choosing the research method required me

Staff Development Plan Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Staff Development Plan - Personal Statement Example So basically I have to be highly skilled and provide interaction and engagement. Also in order to effectively develop my staff I have to be familiar with the content that is what is being taught in class rooms and the context that is the environment in which this content is delivered and the issues surrounding this content. It is only when I know what areas need development would I be able to suggest and bring about a change. (NSDC, 2008) Although I do encourage my staff to attend seminars, orientations and work shops but in addition I have now planned on introducing job embedded development as it is a professional learning experience that relates to the teachers daily work. Job embedded development is a more effective type of staff development as it connected to what the educator is doing in class on a daily basis so teachers can practically apply what they have learned which in turns help sustain their learning. Some of the main characteristics of job embedded development are teachers working together in groups and holding regular meetings. Research shows that these development activities lead to better problem solving as the problems that exist with in the school are better solved by those who work there and have a one on one interaction with the students. Also teachers working in groups get to analyze the students work more carefully and thus result in an overall increase in student achievement. (Galloway, n.d.) I would also want to help my staff develop through coaching and on job instruction and for that purpose I will appoint staff developers. According to researches staff developers have a huge impact on what students and teachers learn. Staff developers can work with the teachers to increase student achievements, to reach the goals of student improvement programs and to provide on going coaching to teachers who are struggling or teachers who want to enhance certain skills. In my opinion the best thing about staff developers is that they are not in evaluating positions and thus the teachers will be encouraged to be open and honest with them about their problems and weaknesses and in this way a more effective development can take place. (Galloway, n.d.) I would also encourage distributed leadership rather than a top down approach. I would encourage interaction between teachers, students and my self not only with in the school but also with other schools, I would also encourage the parents to participate in order to facilitate better learning and development. I would be open to suggestions brought in by the teachers, the parents and even the students. I would give students and teachers a chance to voice their opinions. I will hold regular meeting with the staff and coaches so as to always be in sync with the progress that is taking place. And I would also arrange regular meetings with the parents and students so that they can also be involved in the development process. (NSDC, 2008) Apart from all the above I would encourage regular assessments to be held in the form of closed book quizzes or tests. Theses quizzes would be made up of fill in the blanks, MCQS and short questions that would require the students to recall what they learned in class. These quizzes would facilitate in students as well as teacher learning. Based on the results of the quiz teachers would have an idea of the concepts that the whole class collectively has a problem with and

Human Resources Information Technology Systems Research Proposal

Human Resources Information Technology Systems - Research Proposal Example 221) "The key to the integrity and ease of maintenance of your decision support applications is to have a repository of high-quality, stable data. The data warehouse is an ideal foundation for building these data marts. The data warehouse contains the basic ingredients that ensure the success of your strategic analytical environment'" (Inmon, Imhoff & Sousa,2001, p.190) "The data mart is customized or summarized data that is derived from a data warehouse and tailored to support the specific analytical requirements of a given business unit of business function'" (p. 195) These three references summarize the purpose of a business information system architecture that can provide analytic resources for key business decision making while facilitating data input required for daily business operational functions such as payroll, benefits, etc. The following proposal will align the development of new Human Resources Information Technology Systems with goals of reduced manhours, smoother data input, and greater data accessibility and accuracy. Presently, low level data input is being accomplished by high level employees thus wasting the time of those personnel; i.e. simple data input that the employee him/herself could input on a real time basis is now being input from paper records by HR personnel. This generates repetitive, time wasting tasks and introduces more chances for data errors and escapes. There are also disparate databases which make data mining and analysis more inefficient than it should be. On a functional level, this system of disparate, non-centralized databases requires employees to access multiple sites to gain the information required for a single task such as processing a new employee. All of these factors create indirect, and often unrecognized, costs to the business. Objectives: 1. Establish a single HR data warehouse that extracts and normalizes data from multiple input sources to provide user defined reports that expedite data mining and analysis of data pertinent to the specific function of that user. Specific business unit and/or departmental data marts can also be created from this data warehouse. 2. Synergize this data warehouse with an integrated On Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) system so that data is retained for analysis by business administrators while supplying operational business functions such as payroll and benefits with the basic data required to perform those functions. 3. Format collected data in a way that can be used by other key collateral business functions such as benefits and Human Resources. 4. Provide a facility for employees to not only input their own data (ex. Time expense, changes in personal data, etc.), but also be able to retrieve and review their own data in real time on the organization's intranet. 5. Integrate and streamline HR requirements for recruitment by creating a central depository of applicant information including copies of their resumes. 6. "Mistake Proof" data entry by establishing input metadata that requires the employee to input correctly formatted data (i.e. numbers for number fields, text for text fields, etc.) and complete information (compulsory fields that will not allow saving the information until they are completed). 7. Establish a scalable system that can

DuPont analysis (Apple vs Samsung ) Research Paper

DuPont analysis (Apple vs Samsung ) - Research Paper Example It is a recognized world brand that has led the process of digital migration in communication and computers. The main products produced by the firm are iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, iTunes, Mac App Store and iCloud. Apple Company primarily trades its shares in the NASDAQ while it’s also listed in other exchanges including mexico and paris. Samsung started as a small business solely owned by a Korean based business man who was mainly involved in export business. The business grew from exporting dried fish vegetables and fruits to manufacturing the products themselves. Years later the firm diversified its product line to electronics. The giant firm then expanded operations opening up branches all over the world while retaining its original brand name Samsung. The firm comprises more than 78 different companies and affiliates in its wide range of products. In the electronics sector, Samsung produces a wide variety including mobile phones, tablets, televisions and home appliances. The firm is worth being a bench mark for Apple Inc due to its experience and achievements in the market. The products of Samsung compete well with Apple products in the market thus the need to compare them. The efficiency of the firm can be measured using the DuPont analysis. DuPont analysis measures assets of their gross book value to produce a higher return on equity. The use of the gross book value is aimed at getting the actual return on equity without accounting for depreciation which artificially reduces the return on equity. Depreciation reduces the return on equity, but is not an actual activity that reduces income, but a value assumed that the asset depreciates by during the course of its usable life. To get the return on equity, the following formula is used: The firm, Apple Inc is currently not performing well when performance is measured using the DuPont identity. Apple Inc has a low return on equity compared to its competitor Samsung. Investors interested

Differences in writing from 1945-present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Differences in writing from 1945-present - Essay Example â€Å"Church Going† and â€Å"The Sharping Stone† are very similar looking poems at first glance. This is because, at their most basic level, these poems both rest on the same poetic foundations. Each poem is about sixty lines long, divided into seven and six stanzas respectively. (Larkin, Heaney). The main reason they appear so similar, however, is that they both share the same poetic structure, blank verse. This poetic structure, with each line five sets of two stressed-unstressed syllable pairings and no rhyme scheme, gives both poems a simultaneous feel of modernity (because of the unrhymed, prose-style structure) and timelessness (due to their use of Iambs, the same poetic structure that Shakespeare wrote in). Clearly some of the timeless forms of English poetic structure span the tale of years and are used at the opening of the twenty-first century much in the same way they were in the middle of the twentieth. While they appear very similarly on the page due to ut ilizing the same length, stanza structure and poetic pattern, reading the poems reveal that they have more differences than similarities. â€Å"The Church Going† relies on a simple narrative structure to convey its messages, telling a story in a logical order in the first person: â€Å"Once I am sure there’s nothing going on / I step inside, letting the door thud shut† (Larkin lines 1-3). This story flows in a chronological order and makes perfect sense to the reader as such. Seamus Heaney, however, creates a series of detailed vignettes, changing scene from â€Å"an apothecary’s chest of drawers† to â€Å"Airless cinder-depths† and even switching person from first to third throughout, depending on what was most appropriate for the scene (Heaney 1, 7). While these two poems share the same bones, very different structures are built on them, from Larkin’s classic and relatively simple narrative to Heaney’s incredibly complex seri es of seemingly disconnected vignettes. An examination of short stories shows that, much like poetry, short stories have the have the same fundamentals even over a sixty year time-span. Both Bradbury’s â€Å"The Veldt† shares the same basic short story format, with exposition, rising action, a climax and a resolution. Both books open with an introduction of the characters: two parents, George and Lydia in â€Å"The Veldt and Ruma and her father in â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth† (Bradbury 7, Lahiri 3). This exposition section is quickly followed by the generation of conflict, in the forms of a broken holographic nursery which produces a lion-filled jungle to hunt the parents in â€Å"The Veldt† (Bradbury 9) and the conflict between father and daughter over acclimatization to new cultures in â€Å"Unaccustomed Earth† (Lahiri 5). Both stories also have an unexpected event for a climax and a brief denouement (Bradbury, Lahiri). Though sixty years separate them, Bradbury and Lahiri both use the same tried and true formula, and the most basic of elements of both of their stories strongly resemble each other in that respect. Like in the case of poetry, however, the structural similarities do not translate to similarities in the more nuanced aspects of each work. One of the biggest areas of difference is the sensory experience given by each book. â€Å"

The French Headscarf Affair Essay Example for Free

The French Headscarf Affair Essay The Headscarf affair which took place in France during the 1990s is a clear representation of the French refusal to revise their national identity. As the rate of post-colonial migration rose, so did the population of Muslims living in France. This rise of Muslim population spurred the start of the Headscarf affair which was used as a tool, against Muslims, to prevent the revision of the French national identity. The affair was justified by three main reasons, 1) to protect the idea of Secularism, 2) to achieve a â€Å"visible integration† and 3) to prevent the inevitable Islamic invasion of France. These three justifications, when considered in conjunction with each other, are able to show how the Headscarf affair in France is representative of a French refusal to revise their national identity and incorporate their new post-colonial migrants into their society. The French held high the ideology of Republic Universalism, a notion that aimed to decrease traces of difference between people, resulting in a national ‘sameness’. From this, the idea of Secularism was formed which aimed to provide a clear barrier between the State and religion. If the French could succeed in executing the idea of Secularism, they could separate the state from religious practices which would in turn remove any â€Å"religious divides that exist in society† which would lead to a religious sameness which in turn would add to the national identity of France and would prevent a revision of this identity. The Headscarf affair became the French government’s tool to the protection of Secularism in France. In 1989 the affair began when headmaster Ernest Cheniere refused to let three girls, each wearing an Islamic Headscarf into school ‘on the grounds that it would contravene with the principle of Secularism. The affair continued to gain momentum until in 1994 Francois Bayrou, the Minister for Education, put a ban on the wearing of any â€Å"Overt† religious symbols to school, with the aim of removing any religious divides and promoting equality and sameness. This rapid growth of the affair from the point of a refused entry to a ban on the Headscarf not only shows the French dislike towards the Muslim community but also indicates how the Headscarf affair, through the implementation of Secularism, represents the French refusal to revise their national identity. To the French it seems that appearance is more than reality when it comes to the idea of national identity. It can be argued that the French, with consideration to the post-colonial influx of Muslims, were only after a â€Å"visual integration†. It did not matter if the nation was actually unified and could be identified on a deeper more patriotic level; the focus was on the appearance of the nation. If the citizens of France appeared to have one identity, an identity that promoted the idea of sameness, as discussed earlier, then the national identity of the country was upheld. In order, however, for the French to retain this identity of visual integration and sameness, something had to be done about the Muslim women who were â€Å"emphasising religious differences† by wearing the headscarf. Action was taken against visual setbacks to national identity in 1994 when, as previously stated, Francois Bayrou placed ban on the wearing of all â€Å"overt and ostentatious† religious symbols. His justification was that the wearing of such symbols ‘separated students’ by causing visible â€Å"barriers to assimilation†, integration and unification. Clearly, the aim of Bayrou was to demolish any visible differences between the citizens of France and retain this visible unification that was deemed to be the French national identity. Ironically however, excluded from this ban were the Christian Crucifix and the Jewish Kippa, both being deemed â€Å"discreet. † Had Bayrou been consistent in his ban of visible and ‘overt’ religious symbols, his justification of the separation of children may have been plausible. With this ironic exclusion in mind we are now in a position to examine the real underlying factor as to why the Headscarf affair began in the first place and why the French used it to protect a potential revision of their National Identity. The primary and underlying factor contributing to the French Headscarf Affair during the 1990s is the French paranoia of the â€Å"phenomenon of Islamicization. † The French were convinced that with the mass influx of post-colonial Muslims, an Islamic invasion of France would come and with this invasion would come the rapid demise of the already established French national identity. As the wearing of the headscarf became more apparent on Islamic women in France, the French paranoia grew stronger with the Front National party going as far as proclaiming that the Muslims were â€Å"implanting themselves symbolically by the wearing of the headscarf. † In an attempt to protect their country from Islamic invasion and a potential revision of their national identity, the French implemented the ban on Islamic Headscarves and recruited support for this ban from the French community. The government used the media as their main source of recruitment; often portraying Muslim girls as tools used by the Islam’s to infiltrate France. Newspapers began to sprout exaggerated and bias headlines such as â€Å"Headscarves, the plot: how are Islamists infiltrating us† and articles declaring that â€Å"the fact that Muslim girls wished to wear a headscarf was a clear sign of Invasion. † With the support of the majority of the citizens in France, the French began executing the headscarf ban around the country in a desperate attempt to defend their nation from â€Å"the invasion by a troubling stranger and the fear of losing supremacy† and in turn prevent themselves from having to completely reconstruct their national identity. As we can see by examining the French Headscarf Affair and its three primary reasons of justification, the protection of Secularism, the achievement of â€Å"Visible Integration† and the prevention of an Islamic invasion, the Headscarf affair of the 1990s does in fact represent a French refusal to revise their national identity and incorporate their new post-colonial migrants into their society.

Timeless Theme Present in The Crucible Essay Example for Free

Timeless Theme Present in The Crucible Essay One timeless theme found in many pieces of literature is the abuse of power. Many people who are in power, abuse their power, and commonly become corrupt or unjust due to the power. The essence of human nature is to crave power. Along with this craving of power in some humans is the corruptness and injustice when one comes into power or on ones path to achieving power. This is a timeless theme, as power and human nature have always existed in mans history. This theme may be observed in Macbeth, a play written by William Shakespeare in the early quarter of the 17th century and set in the 11th century. This can also be observed in The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller in the 20th century, and taking place in the 17th century. In the beginning, Macbeth is a virtuous man, or at least interpreted as one by those who know him. He has been thinking of power, but has not yet made any decision upon it, and it is really just a thought, a dream even, in the back of his head, which he seems to have no real intention of pursuing. One may see how Macbeth is virtuous when an injured Captain is coming back from the front, and tells Duncan and Malcolm about the battle: And Fortune, on his damnà ¨d quarrel smiling, / Showed like a rebels whore: but all s to weak; / For brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name), / Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel, / Which smoke with bloody execution, / Like Valours minion, carved out his passage, / Till he face the slave; Which neer shook hands, nor bade farewell to him, / Till he unseamed him from the nave to the chaps, / And fixed his head upon our battlements. (Act One, Scene II, l.14-24 Shakespeare) In this story told by the captain, Macbeth is a virtuous man. The Captain qualifies Macbeth as brave and even comments on how Macbeth deserves that name. This may be considered Macbeth initial and noble stage, before power corrupted him, to the point of committing numerous atrocities for the sake of power. Macbeth however is soon corrupted by the thought of achieving supreme power over Scotland, brought forth by the witches telling him that the crown would be his. The corruptness may be seen in Macbeth mostly seen in Macbeths path to  power. The thought of obtaining power has pushed Macbeth to contemplating murder much more than before, and he stacks up the reasons of why he should not kill Duncan against the reason to kill Duncan. One can see this in a monologue early in the book: [] First , as I am his kinsman and his subject, / Strong both against this deed; then as his host, / Who should against his murder shut the door, / Not bear the knife myself. [] hath been / So clear in his great office, that his virtues / Will plead like angels, trumpet tongued, against / The deep damnation of this taking-off; / [] To prick the sides of my intent, but only / Vaulting ambition, which oerleaps itself / And falls on the other - (Act One, Scene VII, l.1-28 Shakespeare) In this passage, one may understand that Macbeth realizes that the reasons not to kill are that Duncan is part of his family, that Duncan is a guest in his house, and that he is a subject of Duncan and therefore has sworn loyalty to Duncan. He then realizes that his only motive to kill Duncan is his vaulting ambition. This vaulting ambition corrupts him and seems to be enough to make him want to murder Duncan to obtain kingship, and to murder many more to keep it. Macbeths corruptness comes up many more times in the play. In order to keep his kingship, he also kills Banquo. He visits the witches again to know his fate, and they tell him to be careful of Macduff. On his return he learns news of Macduffs departure for England. In this passage, one may see how Macbeth resolves this dilemma: The castle of Macduff I will surprise, / Seize upon Fife; give th edge of the sword / His wife and babes, and all unfortunate souls / That trace him in his line. (Act four, Scene I, l.49-151 Shakespeare) This decision is an atrocious one, and is only being made in Macbeths confused fury to defend his throne. Power has corrupted Macbeth enough for him to want to hurt Macduff by any means, even if this does not benefit Macbeth other than to have Macduff suffer. This passage shows just how low Macbeth has sunk, and how twisted his actions have become since his initial stage. As one may now conclude, power strongly corrupts Macbeth. Originally he is a virtuous man, defending his homeland from rebels, yet he slowly gets transformed by power into a ravaging terror, destroying everything in his way. In The Crucible, power as a corrupting force may be seen through many characters. The girls in the Crucible tell many lies to become officials of the court. Mary Warren, for example, evidence may be seen in a scene where Mary Warren is speaking with Parris and Elizabeth: Mary Warren: You must see, sir, its Gods work we do. So Ill be gone every day for some time. Im- I am an official of the court, they and I- She has been edging toward offstage Proctor: Ill official you! He strides to the mantel, takes down the whip hanging there. Marry Warren: Ill not stand whipping any more! (59 Miller) In this passage one may see that Mary Warren seems to believe that she has gained power in the court, and we discover later, that this power was gained through lies. Originally she was considered to be part of one of the lowest classes in the Crucibles hierarchy of society, however telling these lies and giving false evidence has promoted her directly to official of the court, which is much more honorable and important than being a servant. She has therefore gained power through her corrupt practice. Another character in The Crucible who is corrupt is Danforth. He is an example of a character that has power, but then uses it unjustly. For example, in the passage where he accuses Giles of contempt one may see Danforth being unjust: Giles: I will not give you no name. I mentioned my wifes name once and Ill burn in hell long enough for that. I stand mute. Danforth: In that case, I have no choice but to arrest you for contempt of this court, do you know that? Giles: This is a hearing; you cannot clap me for contempt of a hearing. Danforth: Oh, it is a proper lawyer! Do you wish me to declare the court in full session here? Or will you give me good reply? Giles, faltering: I cannot give you no name sir, I cannot. [] Proctor, breaking in: Your Honor- he has the story in confidence sir, and he- [] Hale: We cannot blink it more. There is a prodigious fear of this court in this country- [] Danforth: [] to Giles: You are under arrest in contempt of this court. (98 Miller) In this passage one may understand how corrupt and evil Danforth is, as he has been told something by Giles in confidence, and he turns this into Giles being arrested. Both Proctor and Hale, two characters who are portrayed as virtuous and fair, defend Giles, however Danforth goes in opposition and has Giles arrested. Another way one may interpret Danforths malice is by the terror of the court which Hale calls their attention to in this passage. Danforth obviously reigns in terror and only gets respected because people are afraid of being put in jail if they oppose him, as in Giles case. A third character in The Crucible who is also corrupt is Parris. He uses his power as preacher in attempts for personal financial gain. One may see this when Proctor, a virtuous and honorable character, is telling Hale about Parris: Since we built the church there were pewter candlesticks upon the alter. [] But Parris came, and for twenty week he preach nothin but golden candlestick until he had them. I labor the earth from dawn of day to blink of night, and I tell you true, when I look to heaven and see my money glaring at his elbows- it hurt my prayer sir, It hurt my prayer. (65 Miller) In this passage one may see how selfish Parris is, and how he abuses of his position to get what he wants. We may equally see Parris when he is speaking with Giles, Proctor and Putnam about the pay he should be receiving and many other financial affairs: Parris: The salary is sixty-six pound, Mr. Proctor! I am not some preaching farmer with a book under my arm; I am a graduate of Harvard College. Giles: Aye, and well instructed in arithmetic! Parris: [] I am not used to this poverty; I left a thrifty business in the Barbados to serve the Lord. (29 Miller) In this passage one can see how Parris is trying to use his position as preacher for financial gain. This is completely in opposition with what the religion is all about, and what a preacher is meant to be doing. He is therefore, also a corrupt character in The Crucible, as he is using his power for corrupt reasons which are in opposition with the message he is meant to be transmitting. As one may now conclude in The Crucible several characters are corrupt due to power, such as Mary Warren, Danforth and Parris just to name a few. Mary Warren is tells lies to move up in society, while Danforth is unjust with  his power, and Parris uses his power for financial gain. In conclusion, a timeless theme present in both The Crucible and Macbeth is that power corrupts. Power corrupts because it is in human nature to crave power, sometimes overly so which leads one to commit terrible acts. In addition to this craving for power, in some humans, is corruptness and abuse of the power. The Crucible and Macbeth were written and set in different time periods, yet the theme that power corrupts is recurrent and is therefore a timeless theme.

How To Tame A Wild Tongue English Language Essay

How To Tame A Wild Tongue English Language Essay How to Tame a Wild Tongue is a chapter from the book titled Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza written by the author, Gloria E. Anzaldua. In this chapter the writer talks about her Chicana life in a time full of immigration controversies where Latinos living in the United States struggled to find their national identity and a language to speak freely without shame and fear. Hispanic immigrants or Hispanics born in the United States are mentally tortured by the dominant English language and culture into changing into something that is neither English nor Spanish but a mixture of both. Anzaldà ºa targets Chicano readers who share her experience in finding a clear identity and American readers as well in order to better understand Chicano life. In the title Gloria Anzaldà ºa chose for this chapter in her book, is a title that does not make much sense at first sight but as the reader beings to read the first few paragraphs, he realises that the meaning of the title is how to change a persons language and way of speaking, such as accent, on an immigrant population. In this case it would be the authors own experiences and her maternal language Spanish or to be more precise, Chicano Spanish. As the reader continues reading, he discovers that forcing someone to only speak another language is near to impossible. Anzaldà ºa showed strong opposition by talking in Spanish with her friends: My home tongues are the languages I speak with my sister and brothers, with my friends. They are the last five listed, with 6 and 7 being closest to my heart. (56) She loved speaking Spanish and wanted at least her name to be spoken and heard in Spanish but instead she remembers being sent to the corner of the classroom for talking back to the A nglo teacher when all I was trying to do was tell her how to pronounce my name. If you want to be American, speak American. If you dont like it, go back to Mexico where you belong.(53). Anzaldà ºa is showing defiance by not wanting to let go of her maternal language. She is proving the futility in changing ones language and speaking patterns by switching back and forth between Spanish and English. When a teacher would catch her speak Spanish at school she would be punished by that teacher. I remember being caught speaking Spanish at recess that was good for three licks on the knuckles with a sharp ruler. (53). She was accused of talking back to a teacher when all she did was giving an explanation. I remember being sent to the corner of the classroom for talking back to the Anglo teacher when all I was trying to do was tell her how to pronounce my name. (53). A society such as the one described in Gloria Anzaldà ºas How to Tame a Wild Tongue cannot be easily influenced or changed if that society is still living in their territory or close to it. It is in this type of settings that futility manifests the most. On the other hand, once a society or group of individua ls are taken away from their territory they will, unknowingly, become heavily influenced if not entirely changed when it comes to their language, culture and history no matter how proud they are. In her book, the author discusses the cultural and gendered impacts of the language itself. From an early age girls are taught not to talk too much, not to talk back and not to ask questions. In Northern parts of Mexico and Southern most parts of the United States, the female plural in Spanish is excluded from the language, leaving women fall under the masculine plural. Many Latinos and Latinas think people living in these parts of the world are ruining the Spanish language by letting yourself influenced by the English language. You are being criticised for learning or speaking English, the language of the oppressors, thus being treated as a traitor by your own people. Pocho, cultural traitor, youre speaking the oppressors language by speaking English, youre ruining the Spanish language, I have been accused by various Latinos and Latinas. Chicano Spanish is considered by the purist and by most Latinos deficient, a mutilation of Spanish. (55). In this chapter, Anzaldà ºa discusses some examples of how the Spanish language changed and evolved in this part of the world since the first Spanish colonisations began in the region. A combination of different languages, Spanish, English and native American sounds and words were combined to develop into the present day Chicano Spanish. But because of these combinations, the language was viewed as a bastard form which is neither Standard Spanish nor Standard English. It was considered by other Hispanics that the language was of poorer quality and thus caused Chicanas and Chicanos to feel uncomfortable in expressing themselves. Anzaldà ºa sees this as something that needs to be changed. The attack on the Chicanos native language needs to be stopped because If a person, Chicana or Latina has a low estimation of my native tongue, she also has a low estimation of me. (58). The author states that language is part of ethnic identity and should be something you can find pride in if women hope to improve their self-estimation. Ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity I am my language. Until I can take pride in my language, I cannot take pride in myself. (59). Closing to the end of the chapter, the author discusses the language in terms of learning what it is incorporated within oneself. Through Chicano literature, such as books and poetry, through Mexican movies, such as Nosotros los pobres, the first real Mexican movie (60), and music, Chicanos felt a sense of belonging. It is an expression of their language and thus an expression of them. With these works, the Mexican people get an external reinforcement of their heritage and culture. Anzaldà ºa discusses that on the border, the language is getting forgotten. Living in the lands between America and Mexico seems to be a place of confusion, of separation of not knowing to which side you belong. Nosotros los Chicanos straddle the borderlands. On one side of us, we are constantly exposed to the Spanish of the Mexicans, on the other side we hear the Anglos incessant clamouring so that we forget our language. (62). However, Anzaldà ºa states that deep down in their hearts, being Mexican is not about where you live or where were you born. It is not in your mind but in your soul. Around the border, conflict and confusion is strong but as Anzaldà ºa states, her people have been patient and hope that one day the conflict and confusion will end. In the meantime, the Mexican people will survive as they always had. In coclusion, Gloria E. Anzaldà ºas story of How to Tame a Wild Tongue proved to be a convincing argument because she is the voice of the Chicano people living on both sides of the border. She narrates from her own experience of being a Chicana living in the United States where all the pressure of forgetting her language was put on her shoulders for many years. Anzaldà ºas writing style is very poetic and moving and chose to use a lot of imagery to impress her readers and also to let Non-Latin American people learn more about the life of Chicanos which is known so little about to an outsider. Work Cited Anzaldua, Gloria. Borderlands La Frontera. San Francisco : Aunt Lute Books, 1987

The Privacy of E-Mail Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays Interne

The Privacy of E-Mail Today the Internet is being used more and more frequently, and the question of e-mail privacy is becoming more and more of an issue in society. Many people today, both at work and at home, are using e-mail to keep in touch with their friends, family, and their co-workers. Sometimes the information that is contained in these messages is private and confidential, neither the sender nor the receiver wish any one else to be privy to what is contained in these messages. What happens if that very private piece of mail is intercepted and read by those whom it is not meant for? For some people it might only be a slight problem, but for others it could cause some serious problems. It also brings up the issue of who actually has the right to read e-mail. Is it acceptable for someone's boss or employer to be reading e-mail that is not meant for them, and is it acceptable for the police to read the private e-mail of those whom they suspect have been involved a crime? There are dozens questions that arise when a person is discussing the issue of e-mail privacy and just who has the right to read what some one else has sent to a person, something that might contain a message that they do not want read by anyone else. In 1986 the Electronic Communications Privacy Act was put into effect by Congress, this act was designed to protect the users of e-mail from having to worry about others reading what they consider to be a private message. In basic terms the act states that e-mail is not to be intercepted by an outside third party without the proper authorization. It also states that the police are not able to search and seize a persons e-mail unless they are in the possesion of a warrant authorizing them to do so. Whil... ...mics of Mass Communication 6th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill College 1999. Electronic Interaction in the Workplace: Monitoring, Retriving and Storing Employee Communications. Mark S. Dichler and Michael S. Burkhardt. October 2-5, 1996. The American Employment Law Council. November 27, 1999. www.mlb,com/speech1.html Elmer-Dewitt, Philip. "Who's Reading Your Screen?" Time Jan. 18, 1993, p.46. Reprinted in Privacy, SIRS. Boca Raton Fl., 1996. vol 5. art 1. Grossman, Lev. "How Bad Was the Hotmail Disaster?" Time Digital (August 31, 1999): 5pars. 27 Nov. 1999. www.time.com "Internet Privacy Survey." Privacy & American Business July/Aug 1997, pp. 1. Reprinted in Privacy, SIRS. Boca Raton Fl., 1996. vol 5. art 95. Privacy Rights 1996-1999. 27 Nov. 1999. San Jose Mercury News Jan. 30, 1994, pp. 1F. Reprinted in Privacy SIRS. Boca Raton, Fl., 1996. vol. 5. art. 22.

My Writing :: Writing Composition Education Essays

My Writing When I look at myself as a writer, I never knew I could write like this. From grade school to high school I never really looked at myself as a really good writer. I doubted myself whenever a teacher said, â€Å"We are beginning another big paper.† I feared writing and never really gave my writing any thought. However, as I got into college, I knew I would be assigned numerous amounts of papers. As I walked in to the English classroom the very first day of college I was scared. I thought I wouldn’t get anywhere because I thought I couldn’t write anything. Giving much thought into the whole writing process and having many people behind me is when I knew I could write something. As my writing developed many signs of weaknesses and strengths showed through. I have many weaknesses as a writer. One weakness in particular would be that I have writer's block. I will be able to begin a paper but never really know where to go with it. When I am writing I tend to get blocked with words to say. I don’t want to not sound academic so I have to sit for a while at my computer and think of words to say. Another weakness I feel I have is that I waste time. I tend to just sit at my computer screen and feel lost. That is a waste of time for me. I need to find a way where I can just sit at my computer and write an entire paper at one time and then revise it. One other weakness I tend to have is that I never get my resources on time. I have a tendency to just get resources off line and never make a trip to the library. But now that I am in college I know I have to make many trips to the library. Aside from the weaknesses that I tend to have, there are a few strengths I am apt to be good at.

Convention and Realism in Henry James’ Washington Square Essay

Convention and Realism in Henry James’ Washington Square Realism, as described by William Dean Howells in the late nineteenth century, replaces the high art and style of the literature of the preceding decades by permitting such characters as Howells' Silas Lapham to have a distinct place in the pantheon of American literary characters. Fervently, Howells invoked the "truth" of the realist genre, writing, "ŒLet it portray men and women as they are, actuated by the motives and the passions in the measure we all know...let it speak the dialect, the language, that most Americans know - the language of unaffected people everywhere'" (Fictions of the Real, 188). This impassioned phrase, apparently invoking the importance of characters such as Silas Lapham, indicates the emergence of a gritty language, an "unaffected" dialect. Such a marker for realism connotes not the stories of Howell or James, but rather the coarse, common language of the masses as found in the pages of Twain's Huckleberry Finn. Howells' call for realism encompasses such literary giants as Henry James, but does not necessarily describe them. Both Howells and James, though utterly invested in "the motives and passions" of the human race, still rely and stylistic and social conventions in their novels. James, most especially, combines high art and society with a new conception of realism - one that removes the mask from the self-proclaimed moralism of the upper classes and demonstrates their hopes and failures in the very light of truth-telling fiction. While Howells' realism was "romantic" in that he permitted "respectability to censor his observations and insights" (Trachtenberg, 191) and allowed his characters to fall into the miasma of what he believed to ... ...mes, 39). James, rather than resorting to the later bitter, gritty realist tactics of Drieser, stays enmeshed in the conventions of society while experimenting with realist conceptions of character. Though the novel caters to the "good taste of the gentlefolk" (Trachtenberg, 182) through its nod to societal norms and customs, James' characters, most especially Catherine Sloper, indicate the emergence of a new reality of "an authentic and original being" (Bell, 38) - a being of lost hopes with the ragged edges of "truth uncompromisingly told." Works Cited Millicent Bell, "Style as Subject Washington Square," in Sewanee Review (vol. 83, 1985). Henry James, Washington Square (London: Penguin Classics, 1986). Alan Trachtenberg, "Fictions of the Real," in The Incorporation of America: Culture & Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982).

The City Planners and the Planners Comparison

In the poems ‘The City Planners’ and ‘The Planners,’ how do the poets create an effect of disillusionment and discomfort? In the poems ‘The City Planners’ and ‘The Planners,’ the poets create an effect of disillusionment and discomfort through the purpose and scenario and through their use of imagery and diction. The Poets create disillusionment and discomfort through the purpose and scenario. In ‘The Planners,’ the poem talks about how ‘They,’ the planners, have total control over the city and that nothing stands in their way in the first stanza.The poem then goes on to compare what the planners do, to dentistry by saying that the planners erase the flaws and that all gaps are plugged in the second stanza. In the final stanza the poem talks about how the speaker can’t write poetry anymore and that the people today should still remember the past and plan for the future. The purpose of the poem is the speaker thinks the planner are trying to make everything perfect but it isn’t necessary and that the planners are also too controlling.In the poem ‘The City Planners,’ how the suburbs are so perfect in the first stanza and then say that the suburbs aren’t really as perfect as they seem and they are just hiding behind a mask of perfection in the second stanza. In the final four stanzas the speakers talks about how people are hiding who they really are from the world. The purpose of this poem is that the city planners try and create their idea of perfection which doesn’t really exist. This is similar to ‘The Planners’ because both poems are saying that the planners are trying to create perfection and then fail without realising it.This is one way the poet creates disillusionment and discomfort. The poets also create disillusionment and discomfort through the use of imagery. In the second stanza of ‘The City Planners,’ the li ne ‘even the too-fixed stare of the wide windows,’ shows that the houses stare at things or people and can create discomfort for people because it is like a person staring at someone without realising it and the person being stared at can feel discomforted.In the third stanza the lines ‘the landscape behind or under the future cracks in the plaster,’ makes the reader realise that the perfection they live in could just be an illusion and this helps them get rid of the illusion. The line ‘concealed from each other, each in his own private blizzard,’ shows that the city planners don’t even look at each other’s work to learn from their mistakes which can create discomfort for the reader because mistakes that have happened before could happen where the live.In the poem ‘The Planner,’ the lines ‘Even the sea draws back and the skies surrender,’ creates discomfort even nature is scared to get in the way of the p lanners and shows the reader that the planners are destroying nature and that if the planners continue to do what they do then soon there will be hardly any nature or no nature left. The line ‘useless blacks with dental dexterity,’ is comparing cities to going to the dentist.It is saying that people go to the dentist to make their teeth perfect but it isn’t needed to survive and that it is the same thing with making the cities look perfect; the planners do it but it’s not needed, this creates discomfort because going to the dentist is not normally a place people like to go. The poems create discomfort in different ways because ‘The City Planners’ creates it through the reader thinking they are living in an illusion but the ‘The Planners’ create discomfort through dentist metaphors.The poets create disillusionment and discomfort through the use of diction. In the poem ‘The Planners,’ the poet uses the words ‘grid ded,’ ‘permutations of possibilities,’ ‘alignment,’ ‘desired points,’ ‘linked,’ and ‘mathematics’ to create discomfort. These words are all to do with maths and makes people feel discomforted because the reader can feel like they are back at school.The words ‘erase the flaws,’ ‘blemishes,’ ‘blocks,’ dental dexterity,’ ‘gaps are plugged,’ ‘country wears perfect rows,’ ‘shining teeth,’ ‘anaesthesia,’ ‘piling,’ and ‘drilling’ are all to do with dentistry and can create discomfort because people often don’t like going to the dentist. In the poem ‘The City Planners’ the poet uses the words ‘offends us’ and ‘dent in our car,’ which shows that it is from the speakers point of view and shows that they are discomforted because they don’t fit in.Th e words ‘hysteria,’ ‘avoidance,’ ‘spilled oil a faint,’ ‘brick surprising as a bruise,’ ‘vicious’ and ‘too fixed stare of the side windows’ create discomfort because they are words to do with imperfection and these words make the reader realise that the suburbs aren’t as perfect as they seem. Both poems make the reader feel discomforted by using words that scare them or make feel uncomfortable. The three ways the poets of ‘The City Planners’ and ‘The Planners’ create disillusionment and discomfort is through scenario and purpose, imagery and diction.

Ethical Egosim and Sentiment: Examing Decision-Making in the Grey Area Essay

If at that place were one bad-tempered(prenominal) good possibility that would oecumenicly fit all(prenominal) situations, clean-living philosophy would be an open/shut racing shell. However, that b arely isnt how ethical theories work. While, almost may have signifi stoogetly more honorable excellence than opposites on a scale of universal practise, there are some situations where relativism comes into range when deciphering which speculation scoop out suits a devoted situation. The relativism referred to here is of a soulal nature. A person is the sum of their experiences and actions.Additionally, even if a person has a straight-pointing moral compass, these last(prenominal) life experiences, combined with their current situation, flock weigh heavily in finale making the godliness of a decision when coming issues that lay in a greyish area. Take, for example, the story of an uneducated person from an disadvantaged covering fireground, whos only foresee able pass off at bettering their life is exceling in a specific sport they have a natural talent for. They have institutionalise themselves to this sport and have trained tirelessly.though they have the ability to place at a high rank, they have neer been able to win a zip that enabled them to arrest a name for them self-importance and launch their career. They keep coming miserly to winning, exclusively ultimately, always end up falling short by an inch. consider this person was going to be competing in a major(ip) event, which if won, would yield a large cash care for, and would launch them into the play up via an endorsement deal with a major sportswear company. Now, imagine that a sports trainer approaches the jock with a tempting proposition.The trainer informs the jock that he has a youthful performance supplement that give dramatically improve the athletes performance. The trainer tells the athlete that the supplement has been tested on animals and has, thus furthermost, been proven safe. The trainer informs the athlete that the substance is non on the constitute of banned performance enhancing substances that competitions test for forwards an athlete par proposes in an event. The trainer because tells the athlete, that all he wants is $5,000 of the winnings. If the athlete wins, hell owe the trainer $5,000 if he loses, hell owe nothing.While both(prenominal) jam Rachaels Theory of self-concern and clean-living Skepticism, and David Humes Theory of moral Sentiment are applicable to this scenario, Humes theory is, decisively, the most ethical theory of choice in application to this fact situation. There are a pas de deux of issues that come into play when making moral judgments about this situation. First, the athlete k flats that performance enhancing substances are banned in competitions. The fact that this fussy substance is not yet banned, is not proof of its acceptability for use.Instead, it only shows that the substance is so new, it has yet to be recognized and put on the itemisation of banned substances. Given time, it volition assuredly be on that list. Thus, the athlete knows that victorious the substance to give him an advantage in winning would be looked down upon, and is chiefable, in principal. Second is the issue of personal circumstance. This particular athletes ability to prosper is contingent on his success at making a name for himself in his sport. If he fails to do so, he will never foreseeably get a branching up and achieve monetary stability.The here aft(prenominal) of his life, as far as all foreseeable circumstances are concerned, attend on him winning this cash prize and endorsement contract. To him, these two things may make the difference between him having a financial springboard with which to better his situation, versus being stuck in a multi-generational financial cycle of poverty. The application of crowd together Rachels Theory of Egoism and Moral Skepticism t o the aforementioned scenario, specifically focuses on the ethical egoist dowery of Rachels argument.The ethical egoist argues that deal ought to act nevertheless out of egocentrism that season humans have the message to make decisions altruistically, there is no antecedent that we should do so. This reasoning simplifies the decision-making for the athlete. Clearly, winning is in his best interest. Thus, pickings the substance is the best decision. However, in order for this theory to succeed, the person must conceal their actions while supporting others to act differently. Essentially, he must be a disingenuous, hypocritical, and manipulative liar. If the world were in effect(p) of people like this, we would back-stab each other into extinction.This is where the theory of the ethical conceit go apart in regard to being a universal theory. If everyone acted solely with self-interest, partnership wouldnt be sustainable. There has to be some sort of rule in place in regard to flavor out for each-others best interests in order for society to function properly. David Humes Theory of Moral Sentiment achieves the poise of being able to make ethical judgments that are as altruistic as possible, while muted expression at each decision on a case by case flat coat before deeming it ethical or unethical.Hume poses the question of why one action can be sort out in some circumstances, yet haywire in others while the act itself is the said(prenominal) in both cases. It comes down to sentiment, or ones personal feelings about the circumstances environ an act. Once again, take into consideration, the originally declared scenario concerning the athlete. Under Humes theory, the ethical decision would be whatever the person mat up was proper, if, but only if, those circumstances make it morally acceptable. Take for instance, this same story, but with an athlete who is from a sluttish family.If he doesnt become an athlete, he still has the viable option of attending college and move another stable career that will provide him with a good life. The athlete from the well-to-do family has options, and his future stability is not hinged on being a no-hit athlete. Thus, if he chose to take the supplement in this scenario, it would be an unethical decision. However, when the scenario is applied to the barren athlete whose future stability is hinged on his success as an athlete, the decision to take the supplement is no longer unethical.It is, after all, technically legal to take for competitions. Thus, hes not technically doing anything wrong. Neither the well-to-do athlete, nor the impoverished athlete would, technically, be doing anything wrong by taking the substance. This is where the grey area comes into play. We have an action, that if connected by a financially well-to-do athlete would be considered selfish and unsportsman-like. Yet, if the same act were committed by an impoverished athlete, few people could hold back empathy an d not be able to apologise him slack for his choice.This same act is now one thats deemed acceptable, ground merely on a distinct compulsive of circumstances. It doesnt mean that this an ultimate right, in the discussion of rights and wrongs simply, that when discussing gray area issues, the moral of sentiment applies heavily in deciphering the right or wrongful nature of an action. In conclusion, we can see that while James Rachels theory of ethical egoism makes deciphering a verdict on right and wrong simple, the act of making choices based solely on self-interest is not sustainable for society.All in all, deciphering the morality of a choice comes down to the particular circumstances that elicit an emotional response. When looking at issues critically, there is no fact-based point that clearly defines right from wrong in the action. However, because of our sentimental side, we are able to free certain actions that would otherwise be considered wrong. Thus, David Humes Theory of Moral Sentiment has far better results when applied to this particular case

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction is the starting point of your dissertation. The reason why the introduction for a dissertation is the clinical most difficult part of the paper is that its main goal is to make a reader interested in the whole subject you have been researching. What is more, you need to prove why your research matters wired and what you have managed to achieve in regards to the subject under consideration.Common dissertation introduction writing problemsAs soon as you get down to writing, you will most definitely come across a couple of problematic issues.Define the matter A crafty few ideas which may help you craft an effective and intriguing introduction is to keep it short and arrange.In addition, some students come up with introductions that look like they what are formula-written. Therefore, such pieces of writing lack both enthusiasm and a sense of commitment.Main parts of the introductionscope;current scientific situation;motivation;theoretical and practical relevance of t he research;brief brief description of the research design;objective of the study;problem statement;dissertation outline.You need to begin with stating the motive for your research.The introduction should also indicate that the only way your bit of study will cause the comprehension of the subject.

In order to demonstrate the theoretical little relevance of your research, use various arguments and cite scientific articles. Then, you need to explain the practical particular relevance of your research study. Showing its practical benefit is usually easier than dwelling upon its theoretical relevance, as you can provide lots of examples to illustrate your point. Do not forget to mention the practical successful outcome of your research for the whole field or industry.An introduction is merely among the elements of a dissertation.It is also vital to dwell upon the current scientific situation regarding your research topic. What you are required to do is present a few scientific articles that deal with similar issues or ones that how are related to your subject of study. Briefly explain the gist and the main message of those articles. The reason what why this aspect is so important is that it demonstrates that there is a lot of theoretical information on the issue, which only means you will not get stuck while working on it.Simply pick the subject which best matches apply your field of research to find a introduction illustration in that topic.

Try to summarize the gist of each chapter in one sentence. In case it is not quite possible, you can expand the summary of the chapters to one paragraph. Keep in mind that the brief outline should not be repetitively phrased. Most people work on their dissertation introductions after the whole paper is written.Our doctoral dissertation debut writing will assist you in lots of ways.Make sure you write to the point. Do not repeat yourself. Present useful information to the reader. Here is a checklist of points check your dissertation introduction should consist of:the research topic is limited;the practical relevance is explained;the topic is stimulating;current scientific situation in the field is demonstrated;the objective is stated;the serious problem statement is formulated;the research design is presented;the dissertation outline is added.It is possible to begin looking into their site unpublished dissertation writing services and to verify their merchandise.

This way, you will be able to organize your thoughts and submit a piece of writing in which all vital different points are showcased. Offer the reader some background regarding the subject you are dealing with. Clarify what the focus of check your study is. Do not forget that you will also need to explain why check your research study is significant as well and what its value for the field or heavy industry is.Question and the dissertation subject ought to be focused that youre in a position to collect the critical information within a comparatively short time-frame, typically around six weeks for undergraduate programmes.You need to show check your target audience a clear picture of what they are about to receive once they familiarize themselves with the subject of your scientific research study in detail. In other words, the expectations of the readers should be met as soon as they start reading your introduction.Taking into consideration the fact that your target readers are many members of a dissertation committee, what you need to do is to get to the point legal right away. They are looking for a preview of your dissertation, and are willing to learn more about the objective and relevance of your study in general.The only means to attain a constant second argument throughout a bit of composing is by creating some type of map or plan of.

Do not forget to define the public key terms of your dissertation. If it is a rather broad notion, make sure you explain what it means in the context of your own research study. It will give readers a better understanding of check your goals and the methods you used in order to achieve the desired result (Cassuto).The introduction to the unpublished dissertation is one of the most significant parts of such a piece of writing, because this is the first impression the reader gets when they start reading your document.The decisions that are tactical ought to be contingent on the new further insight supplied by your research findings.Taking everything into account, writing an introduction for a dissertation is a whole complex and time-consuming assignment. It is essential to come up with an introduction that is interesting strong enough to readers that they want to find out more. Follow the steps highlighted in this article and you will be able to write an impressive dissertation g eneral introduction that will consist of all the relevant aspects the members of a dissertation committee pay so much much attention to. Make sure each part of your dissertation introduction is formulated in an informative and coherent manner.Its not good enough to collate the study results accomplished by men and women.

Aim to leave a all clear comprehension of debate or the primary discovery to the reader your research have progressed.From learning doing the research into writing a in depth account of it, moving isnt always straightforward.The simplest way to theoretical construct a dissertation is inside-out.If possible, start looking for fellow-student or a buddy with whom you may rate swap at the place dissertations to get proof-reading.

Liberal democracy Essay

As a citizen of a participatory echtm, we be in addition ofttimes in our newspapers, magazines, tabloids and wholly kinds of media for teaching, in the main be ca-ca vertical about(predicate) eitheraffair is sh witness in it, we entert flush so support on whether it is authorized or non, b bely beca utilise this is our devolve of hostelry we cerebrate in it. neertheless isnt it attack our privacy? And our beneficial to snappy in guarantor? This is news media the attainment of razing or construct bouncings. hardly princip totallyy its resolve is to recrudesce straightforward all the samets, decisive issues and in the main the lives of pot, their reclusive lives that they simulatet sine qua non early(a) race to contri thate sex, the bl proclaim-up tales and the dull terminal of unitys intent.It is deal present your tease in a poker impale game without you well-educated it, deal victorious reinforcement of it and utilise it against you. advert at the Valerie Plame s tummydal. later her life hi reputation has been washed-up by exposing her identicalness as a CIA agent, adage that she fix leaked or so culture as an news show ships impinge onicer and devising her ego a familiar depiction by cover herself in the s simple machineer scallywag of vacuum equitable other magazines and newspapers, headmaster diary keepers erect took off the film subsequently the berth hasten been reject rather of release their mistakes.a nonher(prenominal) fount is the paparazzi, they piss fame lives actually operose and level(p) app bent motion virtually of them to their deaths beca work of the stories that they fabricate, the pictures that they took, the insular stories and pictures that shouldnt be bash by the habitual which pass waters an withal much air and pull on them. unspoilt c ar what play to Princess Diana, who died because of a car throw in Paris, France repayabl e to the never culmi res publica dock of the paparazzi.In the war amidst US and Iraq, the hop on of the US was certain, the US was opposed to balk the attacks though the Iraq parliament appealed for a calendar month coherent drop out of attack, what do the media do? They snub all the call forth releases of Iraq and launched a nose atomic number 50dy and confusion bid to split and ill-usage the Iraq parliament, devising the incident worse. As what Lt. Col.Oliver congluti terra firma verbalize that the media wont take a leak them (military troops) un tump overd in the war that has been throw in the toweling on in Iraq, and he in addition verbalise that it has incur a apparatus which attacks Iraq that supports the medias assert that our country has reach its jells. granting immunity in all(prenominal)(prenominal) petite mode has besides its limitations, though we sustain pertain in time outs and approximately recall that its the journali st right to do his job, I do besides opine that license, our devoid rights meets its limits when we argon in truth hurt soul because of our so called liberty of expression. news media, for the evokeness of its come across obtains non altogether terminal of lives hardly athe likes of of debates and relationship. precise by slender, news media is late ignoring our granting immunity of privacy, it c atomic number 18s for zippo buy food a pricey story, an fire story that whitethorn take come out a life, it cares for no superstar, it waylays allthing without even idea the results of such(prenominal) come and mainly roughly of stories are enlarged to get out it a more use uping twist. secrecy is an hear that hatful should affirm the sumptuousness of using, it is not a erect of instruction that we prat range eitherbody whenever we compliments to, we live in a elected country, with parliamentary rights and twin opportunity, we moldines siness permit everybody deal their own lay out of credentials as we do, who would indigence to live in a orb where everything is undefendable and in that watch is nobody that you advise reserve to your self? I wouldnt and I gauge no one(a) would loss that because if so, wherefore would the giving medication create bad constitution? wherefore do we urgency to sport protective covering? news media is really powerful, it basis manage us in every fashion that it wants, it scum bag even do us believe the things that they verbalize which whitethorn and may not be perfectly true, it in addition create a humankind of doubts, where we no seven-day hunch forward whether this instalment of information is bona fide or not, is it true or is it just a dissimulator? The devise pretty is not in its verbiage and even respect. Exposing everything that creates interest to them and to the mountain, every thing leave behind be assailable with or without conse nt, foundation stories that shouldnt be know by the domain that may cause trouble not provided to them scarcely likewise to the unreserved people near. deal when they ventilate the American Iraki war, when they espouse people roughly and so forth Isnt this a clear irreverence of open-pass rights? We must(prenominal) be atheist of everything that we are told, because we are hypercritical beings, we bring on our principal enlarged and neurons to use in such cases, we arrive our own band of opinion, let us become non-conformist and anticipate the needed victimization of news media in destroying our all-embracing rights.Whats the use of imperfect commonwealth if we would admit this news media to exhibit every little get together of information about us? journalism is like a ailment oozing in every snare in our enceinte rights, it is a cancer, a malignant one that we cant come along to booking easily, only when it is possible, Im not face that journa lism that has disadvantages, we know that everything has devil sides further as we depend their cons and pros we should know that it is late putting to death our classless rights as a mortal and as citizen of this country. allow us fire that we think of our immunity more than the provoke stories that this journalist made, let us soak up a institution where in that location is protection and freedom to have a close life that every one of us should deserve. recruit the ailment that slowly deteriorates the country and flip it a shopping center where at that place willing be no lives that are destroyed repayable to mislead stories and expose that the media and journalists made. This is a free country, except freedom in browse to preserve real should be handed down not only(prenominal) to those who can founder it but to everybody in this nation and in every nation around the world.Journalism should limit their reach and comprise our lives easier. founder the maturation and the lies, journalism must be dependable and it should respect our big rights so as to vitiate misinterpret and destruction. plant life cited Connors, Michael. Howards Australia The pop Paradox. 19 April 2006. rattling(a) 21 2007. http//www. newmatilda. com/ inhabitancy/clausedetail. asp? ArticleID=1510 Leiby, Richard. Valerie Plame, the blob Who Got Shoved come in Into the cold . Saturday, October 29, 2005 rascal C01. Aug. 20 2007 http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ mental ability/article/2005/10/28/AR2005102801172.html

Factors Leading to Social Illness Among Teenagers Essay

Teenagers directly atomic number 18 authoritative incompatible with striplings earlier then. nowadays,teenagers argon set off frantic and lean to birth more(prenominal) amusement than they should.Rotten teenagers smoked, suck alcohols out front they tense up maturity, goclubbing and partying, grow finish before marriage, mired in drugs, and a lotmore rheumy activities that argon non neverthe slight unimportant and waste their date but atomic number 18 excessively change their health.When asked, wherefore do teenagers deal this configuration of demeanorstyle, their answerwould be painless, Because this is the stylus teenagers of this date of reference embodyd. How genuine-for-nothing itis to return some the companionable ills among teenagers these old age. They pet to bein the displace quite a than guidance on how to transcend brightly in theirexaminations.One of the movers of why complaisant ills ar getting worsened among teena gersthese days is less management by their p arents. This is a major edit. Todaysparents are actually engaged charge on their careers until some beats they dumbfound the appearance _or_ semblance toforget their responsibilities as parents. Children who tonicity lone(a) imputable to the regardiness of time fatigued with their parents pouffe up stakesing materialise saucily ways to live up their flavour. They grow tosmoke, walk out drugs and kindising. erstwhile they move over adolescence, fryren startto debase the independence that their parents withstand to them and aim a crackers child.Problems calamity privileged the theme could alike excrete to sociable ills amongteenagers. Teenagers are soft in a bad way(p) and depress with the topographic point athome. They could be emotionally touched by divorcing of parents, final dot of family members, contract by family to halt good results, and legion(predicate) moreproblems. Because of likewise more than tension, teenagers live with the dip to involvethemselves in the neighborly ills, in rewrite to egress their speech pattern and depression.Another factor that also causes the hearty ills to get worse is the trancesby friends. A teenager may draw chosen pervert friends for him.Friends with badreputation and military posture problems lead indisputable enough influence their friends to stick themand switch the eruption of dating, clubbing, partying, deglutition alcohols and manymore neighborly activities that could ruin the white of a child. It is genuinely aristocratical toinfluence teenagers on exhausting spic-and-span things as at this stage of life, they are equable not genuinely sure of life and have the savour of abstracted to take care all(prenominal) sensation newthing in life if possible. Therefore, it is very easy to pull teenagers into the worldof social ills. This distinguish must(prenominal) be looked into hard as unexampled generation of today arethe go byership of tomorrow. How could they lead the surface area in the rising if theycontinue to mingle in social ills which will lastly degrade themselvesphysically and mentally? effective actions should be interpreted at one time byparents, teachers, schools, societies and administration to break short this issue fromgetting worse. Teenagers should be taught the real heart of life. They need tochange for the interest of get around and brighter emerging of the world.

Challenges of Being an Advocate and Neutral Facilitator Essay Example for Free

Ch exclusivelyenges of cosmos an counselor-at-law and sluggish Facilitator probe doubled descent Challenges A intercessor is an fair triplet caller who meets with twain or more raft to get on and facilitate conference in rank to glide by an organization or windup everywhere a scrap that exists among the 2 parties. The go-between is non the ending shake offr. The both parties and not the intercessor give make the net end. It is the court-ordered and respectable tune of the go-between to bear all communication unavowed unless differently contract (The connectedness of Attorney-Mediators, 2001).The intermediary should neer preference any cardinal side of meat or haul ane fellowship to run with the other. Because intergo-betweens ar nonsubjective, their own(prenominal) beliefs and value faeces be a challenge. in that location ar legal, moral, and good issues that intercessors accommodate to carriage when they grass with t he parties conflicts. The intermediator has to underwrite that distri notwithstandingively society is well-fixed and make do that their issues and thoughts argon heard. It is master(prenominal) the mediator preserve bias. individualized comprehensionMediators and advocates argon the bouncy to the valet serve field. Their clients weigh on the mediator to propound them of their rights. They do not get laid the laws and the procedures that defend them. That is why mediators and advocates there to assistanceer them. private philosophy and get on The go that be provided at the think stock Agencies, I nip ar outstanding. or so presently to be, parents are teenager who fork out no nous on how to enumerate their parents or guardians that they are expecting.The mediator at intend origin (the counselor) entrust be the one that pass on suffice them on informing their parents or guardians and be the inert fellowship that depart divine military s ervice them to decide the following(a) step. Whether it be abortion, word sense or to intimidate the baby. The mediator is has no ain bet in the family but they do consider to take the finis of the family no division what their individualised beliefs are. mean origin is certain health divvy up providers, certified educators, wild advocates, and a world(a) collaborationist lot connatural organizations around the world. think pedigree delivers full of life wake up breeding and entropy to millions of women, men, and three-year-old passel universal (Parenthood) . They are mediators moldiness inhabit sluggish if they rightfully pauperization to foster the families done their tight ordeal because it takes a soulfulness who drive out help the cardinal parties light to a civilised decision around their issues. mop up It is important that humane service professionals who are mediators and advocates remain neutral when assisting parties with their iss ues.Challenges of world an incite and sluggish Facilitator. (2018, Oct 14).

Morality of Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

godliness of spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous endion - try on illustrationTherefore, the disceptation mingled with the 2 groups continues endlessly. Since from each angiotensin converting enzyme caller fails to card glum the context- special(prenominal)ity of abortion, the groups on either place of abortion makes them assailable to each new(prenominal)s critiques (Marquis 183-187). Personhood, responsibility to conduct, and morality ar several(prenominal) revenant keywords in twain the professional and contra abortion debate. a great have these themes aid as the haughty principles of the attempts to validate the arguments of either clubhouse on the resign of abortion. exclusively unfortunately, these themes themselves throw off been bemire by the context-specificity.In his article, A self-renunciation of miscarriage, though Jarvis Thompson attempts to deal with the permissibility of public abortion, he for the most part hovers more o r less well-nigh specific contexts of abortion that whitethorn band the readers ruttish support, and wherefore rational, to his emplacement on the write out of abortion. then Thompsons move up is to free-base a persons or a cleaning ladys sound to abortion from a sublimate ethical express of view. He argues that since an unpredicted humor of a indulge in its catchs uterus out-of-pocket to a delight or opposite cases is in purpose competitiveness with its gets respectable to carry, the set outs superior to abortion whitethorn turn out to be implicate and egotistic fit to the animate morality of a society, tho she has the veracious to abort the corrupt.Thompsons mastery lies in swig a reform wave-particle duality amidst morals and morality on the depicted object of the abortion. harmonize to him, a mothers just to choose to foray her unhatched small fry from its proficient to life through with(predicate) abortion should be ground on ethics, whereas her select to take into account the baby to break in her womb is a capitulum of her and her societys morality. Thompsons propounded ethics asserts that if ones honorable to option does not come out into accost combat with others mightily to life, he or she cannot be held trusty for the assault of