The Skin of a Lion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Skin of a Lion - Assignment Example The main character in the novel is one Patrick Lewis and it extends to reveal his fate and his role in the development of a concise plot. Patrick gains recognition as a searcher in the novel and thus it is important to identify the essence of this role. In understanding the role of Patrick in the novel, it is important to appreciate the background from which he grew up to become the strong young man that he was as his role as a searcher not only began later in life but was a dormant characteristic that was not clearly revealed prior to his independence. This is clearly revealed from the fact that Patrick used to live with his father alone in a small town in Ontario (Ondaatje 47). The economic and social conditions in that area were very low as it was the first phase of the 20th century. Patrick witnessed the few developments that people had at the time and wished that he could live in a place with much better conditions. He wished for a better lifestyle after witnessing the amount of hard work that he saw his father putting and the little income that he got. Deep inside, Patrick had the searcher attitude, this is witnessed from the manner in which he consistently asked his father to move, and they go to a better place with better economic conditions. The attitude developed in this aspect showed the symbolic significance of change from him. He was tired of always seeing his mother come at home late in the evening exhausted from his daily job of a dynamiter. This job description involved the crushing and explosion of huge stones to smaller ones in an effort to produce smaller bricks for application in building and involved the construction of bridges. The tedious activity had very many risks that included injuries from the exploding stones. Change was one of the major needs that people in the society required. The government did not prove any significant in the implementation of this because the amount of corruption was rather alarming (Ahrens 26). However, the people did not have the financial power or the unity to make the necessary change that they required. Patrick deeply believed that by uniting people, nothing was too large to accomplish. Patrick in his role as a searcher looked for job opportunities that he could get into in an effort to get a better career and thus assist his father in the payment of the vast amount of bills that they had. However, his efforts to search for a job in order to generate income were rather fruitless from the high amount of corruption that only ensured a select few number of people to obtain valuable jobs in society. After this, he had no option but to enter into the job description that he mu ch loathed. In his beginning years, he had a lot of trouble adapting but from his father’s training, he was able to develop the required traits for professionalism. Later, on, his father died while on the job and this was occasion deeply traumatized the young Patrick. He went on for many days wondering why he had to lose his father but could not achieve any convincing answer. After this, he made a personal decision of quitting the job description that had led to him losing the father and decided to engage in the search of a more professional and less tedious job (Ondaatje 83). Patrick gains the idea of moving to a different town in search of renowned billionaire Ambrose Small. His basis for setting off on this search

Health and safety Essay Example for Free

Health and safety Essay How legislation, policies and procedures relating to health, safety and security influence health and social care settings Health and safety at work act 1974 (HASAW) This act provides general guidance about health and safety. The duty of the employer is to make sure health and safety of their employees and show that they have taken all attainable steps to do this. The employer should also give training and safety equipment, employers should carry out regular checks and improve and put in place a health and safety policy. If employers have more than five staff they have to carry out a risk assessment to find any possible hazards to employees. Information should be displayed around the work place for employees to see, for example, this could be posters. The employees also have legal duty and this is to follow their employers safety procedures, use the safety equipment that is given, report any hazards, and be aware of their own safety and the safety of others. HASAW promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because employers tell their staff what to rules to follow and they also get training on any safety equipment which makes the service users to be in a safe environment and also that staff won’t cause any harm to themselves or their clients as they know how to use the equipment properly and safely. Control of substances hazardous to health 1994 (COSHH) These regulations refer to substances that could be hazardous, such as cleaning products. These regulations influence care settings as staff are likely to use cleaning products or store these products that could be dangerous. Most care settings will have a list of all products that could be dangerous and show on how they plant to lower the risk in using them, this is as a result of COSHH. COSHH 2002 is to protect people against danger to health, by instantly and long-term from any contact to substances found in the workplace. COSHH is to put in place the needed requirements and a sensible approach for COSHH. Employers should carry out a risk assessment of all work which could put an employee into contact with hazardous substances. There are main requirements with this legislation: Assess the risks that occur when using a hazardous substance Come to a conclusion on what precautions are needed Control or prevent exposure to employees of hazardous substances Make sure that all actions are used and maintained Monitor where necessary the employees come into contact with hazardous substances Carry out relevant health surveillance Produce plans and procedures to help with accidents, incidents and emergencies relating to hazardous substances Make sure that all employees who use hazardous substances are accurately informed, trained and supervised. COSHH covers the substances you use every day, which you might use at work-examples include adhesives and paint. COSHH also covers you when you come into contact with micro-organisms, biological and fungal and/or viral agents. COSHH risk assessments are to make a decision about what actions need to be put in place to control the hazards shown in substances. The result of this should be spoken about to all employees and a record has to be kept in a safe place, but is accessible for inspections by enforcement bodies. The actions should be controlled and developed through an order of measures: Removing the substance Replace the hazardous substance with less hazardous substances or the same substance but less hazardous Constructing control measures, such as working in a controlled environment To supply personal protective equipment (PPE) and respiratory protective equipment (RPE) but only as a last option or for very hazardous substances. The employer’s responsibilities are responsible for finishing COSHH risk assessments and speaking to the employees about the assessments. Employers are in charge of making sure control of exposure to hazardous substances are adequate and employers are also responsible to make sure that intensive examinations and tests of all engineering are followed at regular periods. A record of the inspection has to be kept for five years. COSHH promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure that all actions necessary are taken to make sure staff don’t come into contact with chemicals and especially service users. For example, COSHH would be needed in a care home for people with learning disabilities, this is because they don’t always know what they are doing and therefor if cleaning chemicals weren’t put away in a locked cupboard the service user could drink it and become ill. Reporting of injuries, disease, dangerous occurrences Regulation 1995- These regulations compel workplaces to record any accidents, injuries, diseases or dangerous occurrences. Every workplace should an accident reporting scheme and if an incident happens to  an employee who needs three or more days off work, this has to be reported to the health and safety executive. In a number of care settings, it is common practice to have two accident books. One is for accidents that happen to staff and the other is for service users and members of the public. This information has to be stored in an accessible place and filled in accurately and immediately in the event of an accident. If an employee, child, a member of the public or a resident has an accident in the workplaces which leads to death the health and safety executive or local authority must be reported about this. If an incident occurs and means the employer is off work for more than three days a form needs to be sent to back up the conversation relating to the incident. The people who may be involved in an investigation after an incident are: The employer The insurance company The health and safety representative The enforcing inspector The training organisation RIDDOR promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by reporting any accidents to anyone and writing it in an accident book it means that the incident can be looked into and also a risk assessment can be done on it to prevent it in the future. Manual handling 1992- This regulation includes a wide range of manual handling activities: Lifting Lowering Pushing Pulling Carrying This regulation needs the employers to avoid the need for dangerous manual handling, assess the risk of injury from any dangerous manual handling that is unable to be avoided and reducing the risk of injury due to dangerous manual handling. The employees responsibility is to follow the relevant schemes of work put in place for their safety, use equipment properly that is provided for their safety, work with their employers with health and safety issues, let the employer know if the come across any dangerous handling activities and to take care to make sure the activities they do  don’t put others at risk. Manual handling promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because staff will be trained on how to pick things up properly and therefore they won’t hurt their back and by knowing about manual handling means you won’t harm any service users, for example if you was in a care home and you had to help an elderly person up from their chai r, you would know how to do it correctly. Data protection act 1998- This act ensures that people who collect and use personal information follow rules of good practice for managing information. This act provides rights for individuals who have given their information and the information they use. Information that is collected should only be kept for a certain time frame. Confidentiality must be adhered to the strictest of confidence in health and social care environments, for example, patients may not want their family and friends to know their diagnosis. In this act it lays down that after someone dies there records have to be kept for eight years and can’t be destroyed until the eight years is over. Treatment that children are given and maternity records have to be kept until they are 25 years of age, this changes if they die, and therefor will be destroyed at eight years. Data protection act 1998 promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by ensuring that all patients’ information is kept confident and isn’t passed on to anyone. This way the service users are protected as they are not vulnerable from people because no one knows there details. Civil contingencies act 2004- This act refers to the responses of public services in crucial emergencies. This act gives instruction on anticipation, assessment, preparation, response and recovery before, during and after a serious threat to the public well-being. The law demands all the emergency services work together, for this to be done, simulation situations are set in motion to make sure that everyone involved are aware of their roles. This act promotes the safety of individuals because they are given support during an accident and after the accident and all services working together means the individual who is the victim gets all the help they can. Care home regulations – All care homes have to have a manager that is qualified in leadership and management in care services or are registered a manager’s award. This person is important because they make sure that all parts of a care home to which service users have access to be free of hazards and if there are any risks to the individual’s risks  assessments must be carried out to lower the risks that have been identified. If the manager believes that one of their staff is becoming incompetent or could purposely cause harm to a service user, the manager can suspend that member of staff during an investigation. The care quality commission must be informed immediately by the manager if this situation arises. This regulation promotes the health and safety of individuals in a care home by making them less at risk of harm, so doing regular risk assessments ensures that all service users are safe. Care minimum standards- The national minimum care standards were written in 2003 following on from the care standards act 2000. 38 standards are set out under the care standards act 2000 by the secretary of state for health, along with the care home regulations. National minimum standards are only guidelines for providers, commissioners and users to assess the quality of care. Standards of care cover several services: care homes for 65+ year olds, care homes for 18-64 year olds, domiciliary care, adult placement schemes and nurses’ agencies. Each of these services should have a care plan for their clients which identify particular needs. Staff should get adequate training to make sure that their patients receive the identified care. Care minimum standards promotes the safety of individuals in health and social care settings by making sure all their needs are being met and their rights which makes them feel safe. Management of health and safety at work regulations 1999- The management of health and safety at work regulations explain what employers are asked to do to maintain the health and safety at work act. They put into usage for every work activity. When employers have more than five staff they have to carry out a risk assessment f or the management. Employers have to ensure that all the health and safety preventative measures identified by the risk assessment are carried out, they have to make sure the capable people are selected to help put health and safety precautions emergency actions in place and employers must give clear information and training for their staff. This regulation promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure that all employers have taken necessary steps to identify any risks that may cause harm to service users. Food safety act 1990- This act gives control to environmental health inspectors to inspect food and confiscate food that is unfit for human consumption and dispose of it. Any organisation violating food hygiene  standards can be served a notice of improvement and in extreme cases can be closed short term or long term if the practices are thought to be a health hazard. Organisations can be sued for breaching standards. This act promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure all food is suitable for humans and if it’s not food will be confiscated or the service will be shut down temporarily. Food safety (general food hygiene) regulations 1995-This regulations goal is to prevent cases of food poisoning by laying down that: Food areas are kept clean and acceptable standards of personal hygiene are controlled Food is thoroughly cooked through Foods are stored at the right temperature Cross-contamination is prevented Food has to be stored correctly and use-by dates must be strictly followed. In health and social care settings the kitchen should meet all the requirements of the regulations. The kitchen should be easy to clean, meaning that the surfaces should be smooth stainless steel. There should be a separate sink to wash hands and to prepare foods. Anyone who has had an infection, such as being sick and had diarrhoea should not come into contact with food until they are free of symptoms until 48 hours. This regulation promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by making sure all food is thoroughly cooked so no service users get food poisoning and by preparing food properly will ensure that no infections are caused. Policies and procedures Safeguarding- Legislation, policies and procedures for safeguarding vulnerable children and adults have made health and social care staff a lot more aware of what is known as abuse, and how to know that abuse may have already happened. These regulations will help you to understand what to do if you believe someone is being abused or a person tells you that they are. Procedures are in place to find people who have committed offences before to minimise the risk to vulnerable groups. Safeguarding promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because understanding the rules will mean staff will be able to protect service users from abuse and other issues. Health and safety policy- All employers have to show their own  health and safety policies and procedures to say how they will operate under the law. The health and safety at work act 1974 declare that organisations have to have a health and safety policy. This promotes safety of individuals in health and social care settings by following the rules correctly no one will come to any harm. Reporting accidents- An accident/incident book keeps records and has to be kept. This promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting by recording any accidents means it can be risk assessed and prevented for in the future. Disposal of body waste- Any waste that is a potential threat of infection has to be disposed of correctly. Disposing waste safely you have to have had the right training, you have to wear person protective equipment and keep on top of good hand hygiene, report any hazardous handling and disposal of clinical waste to your manager, Dispose body fluids down the sluice or bags: yellow bag is for infected waste and used swabs and dressings-these have to be incinerated and a clear alginate bag inside a red plastic bag is for soiled and infected clothing and line to be laundered. You should not try to clean up any spillages or collect and handle specimens until you are trained fully. When cleaning any spillages you should make sure you are wearing PPE. When you collect and handle specimens you should wear PPE, ensure the containers are suitable, sterile and don’t leak, Containers should be labelled with relevant information and any forms accompanying it should be completed, and the results should be wrote in the patients records as soon as possible and highlight any unusual findings to the relevant people. This promotes the safety of staff in health and social care settings so they don’t get any infections or diseases from handling other people’s body waste. Storage and dispensing of medicines- Staff who are in charge of medication should make sure that the drug trolley and cupboards are locked. The trolley should be locked against the wall when it is not being used. Medication that service users give to themselves should be in a personal cupboard and locked so no one else can access it. This promotes the safety of service users in many health and social care settings so they don’t get the wrong medication or so they are not given too little or too much so it doesn’t cause any long term problems. Lone working- Lone working is filled with risks so therefore it is important that there are actions in place to protect and support them in work. There are policy and procedures which state how your safety will be  managed. Mobile phone policy and procedures suggests to you how and when to use your mobile. Communication policy and procedures summarise about checking in and out of each visit and letting the office know when you have got home safely. Staff welfare policy and procedures ensure you are supplied with personal safety alarms. Staff learning and development policy and procedures request you to go to personal safety and awareness training. Your main job when working alone is to know your surroundings and the likely threats to your personal safety. A disciplinary policy will lay down procedures for disciplining you if you are unsuccessful to follow actions set up to protect you. This promotes the safety of service users and staff who use health or social care services by making sure the staff know what they have to do and by this it is keeping the service user safe. Security of premises, possessions and individuals- All workplaces will have procedures that are in place to protect the employer and employees and clients and their family. Sign in and out book for visitors to state the time they arrived and departed, security codes, staff ID badges and any other professional in that environment and chains on doors are ways to secure the premises. Personal possessions of service users should be kept at a minimum and leave all valuables at home but if valuable are needed to be stored they should be put in a safe and signed by 2 people. Individual security includes CRB checks and CCTV. The workplace will have procedures put in place to tell you how to deal with potential breaches in security, report and record these breaches and support other after the breach, Deal with bomb scares, theft and missing persons, manage challenging behaviour. This promotes the safety of service users in a health or social care environment by making sure no unauthorised person is in the building who could potentially cause harm to service users. CRB checks have to be done to make sure anyone who works within a health or social care setting aren’t going to cause any harm. When cleaning PPE should be used, COSHH, Storage, Risk assessments and health surveillance should all be thought about when cleaning in health and social care settings. This promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because it means the environment will be clean which means service users won’t get any infections and the staff are protected by all the guidelines. Food safety- All things that should be considered with these policy and procedures is to make sure fridge and freezer temperatures are  the correct temperatures, Personal hygiene is up to a good standard, different coloured chopping boards for different kinds of foods, allergies are to be known, Records should be kept, utensils should be clean, be aware of cross-contamination, HASAW and food safety regulations should also be considered. This promotes the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting because it makes sure food is prepared correctly, cooked correctly and makes sure no cross-contamination or food poisoning occurs. Fire evacuation- If a fire was to occur, closing doors as you evacuate is a good idea as this will slow down the fire by minimising the amount of oxygen getting to the fire, and this might even cause the fire to go out itself. When you are outside you should check that someone has called the fire service. You should look after others, more if they are confused or distressed, these people could be children or people with dementia. You should also make sure that no one is standing to close to the building, as it could collapse. Fire alarms should be tested regularly, staff should know what to do during an alarm, fire exits should be clear and easy to get to and there should be a designated area to go to. This promotes the safety of everyone in any health or social care setting by making sure everyone is out of the building safely when being evacuated and also by testing alarms make sure that everyone is aware of what has to be done when an evacuation has to be done. Bibliography: Health and social care, level 3, Book One, BTEC national book Publishers: Carolyn Aldworth, Marilyn Billingham, Peter Lawrence, Neil Moonie, Hilary Talman. Published by Pearson education limited Published in 2010 My notes from lessons and PowerPoints on Moodle.

Virginia Henderson’s Need Based Theory and Implications

Virginia Henderson’s Need Based Theory and Implications Virginia Henderson’s Need Based Theory and  Practice Implications Katherine Rose Virginia Henderson’s Theory of Principles and Practice of Basic Nursing Care According to Nicely and DeLario (2010) Virginia Henderson’s theory, Need Based, which is derived from the Principles and Practice of Nursing is a grand theory that focuses on nursing care and activities of daily living. This theory is appropriate to my future practice setting as a Family Nurse Practitioner within the Emergency Department or Fast Track/Urgent Care setting. This theory is applicable within this setting since â€Å"meeting patient needs in the areas of respiration, nutrition, elimination, body mechanics, rest and sleep, keeping clean and well groomed, controlling the environment, communication, human relations, work, play, and worship (Masters, 2015, p. 384), as these will be advanced nursing care areas that I will need to promote for my patients basic needs. Henderson’s Background and Theory Development Virginia Henderson, born in 1897, was a world renowned Nurse educator, researcher and author of many nursing textbooks whose career spanned 60 years; considered by many as the modern day Florence Nightingale (Masters, 2015). A profound change occurred in her life which was around the time of WW one, during this time her nursing experience evolved while in school which resulted in obtaining a bachelors and a masters in nurse education (Masters, 2015). This experience was able to help her see a vision for basic nursing care with patient focus on patient independence with activities of daily living (ADLs), being the basis of her framework and practice. Henderson became a professor at Yale University where she wrote many nursing textbooks that emphasized nursing care, studies, principles and practice (Masters, 2015). She was able to define her personal nursing theory and create the theory that focused on basic nursing care and patients ADL’s. Encouraged by her nursing research she was able to speak around the world and focused on an international approach for better patient care (Masters, 2015). According to Masters (2015) Virginia Henderson received several honorary degrees during her respectable nursing career which included the Christiane Reimann Prize from the International Council of Nursing. Possible Reference for Theory Due to Virginia Henderson being an author she received a position collecting, reviewing and chronicling every nursing research that has been published allowing her to write volumes on nursing research and studies (Vera, 2014a). This may have allowed her to come up with analytical applications on what nursing was and could have drawn her strengths and assumptions from her review of researched material. Some may say that Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs was the reference to her theory as the needs are somewhat similar of what actions or roles one may be or need assistance with in order for independence and wellbeing. Phenomenon of Nursing and Common Problems The common problems of Virginia Henderson’s need based theory, this theory outlines the 14 components of fundamental nursing care and interventions that patients have or use as part of their independence and ADLs (Masters, 2015). As a future APRN the common problems that are resolved are 14 components that maintain the patient’s physical functions, safety and maintaining a sense of wellbeing and finding oneself in relation to where they see themselves in life (Masters, 2015). Deductive Reasoning for Theory Virginia Henderson utilized scientific method which is considered deductive reasoning to come up with the needs based theory. Deductive reasoning allows for an inquiry decision to arrive at a solution to an issue, an action – reaction system where there is a cause to a component there will be an effect on the component, with independence on its own essence with or without external circumstances (Masters, 2015). According to Masters (2015), Virginia Henderson’s utilized the physical, emotional and mental (psychological components) to deductively arrive to this theory even though she did not intend to imply a new nursing theory; the theory is in relation to Maslow’s theory though Henderson was not aware but the 14 sub-concepts relate and coincide with Maslow’s. Explanation, Definition and Interpretation of Concepts and the Four Metaparadigms Henderson made an assumption of her work that it was not a nursing theory so she did not fully identify her concepts but researchers were able to come up with concepts from her work that actually follow the common metaparadigm’s of nursing which she included within her definition of nursing. According to Masters (2015), Virginia â€Å"did not intend to develop a theory of nursing, she did not develop the interrelated theoretical statements or operational definitions necessary to provide theory testability (p. 390)†. Concepts include person, environment, health and nursing. Person is defined â€Å"as the patient who is composed of biological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual components (Masters, 2015, p. 387)†. These compositional segments are not separate entities but help to assist the nurses towards interventions for the 14 components of care, the person and family are not separate either but are considered a whole item (Masters, 2015). Virginia Hende rson was able to keep all concepts of theory and definition consistent throughout since they overlapped and interrelated with each other to include a whole person aspect. Environment is important to a person’s perception of health and wellbeing but can also affect a person’s physical as well as mental wellbeing. Henderson identified a person’s environment as external elements that help to mold and shape an organisms life and physical change; three areas of environment that are important are biological, physical and behavioral (Masters, 2015). Biological includes anything that is living and breathing organism, such as flora and vertebrate, physical components like basic elements for life such as the sun, elemental chemicals and compounds. Both physical and biological elements work harmoniously together in symbiosis, when something changes it affects the whole ecological system and puts a strain on the symbiotic relationship of the physical and biological environment (Masters, 2015). Behavioral health influences the person and is the last component of environment; influencers include socioeconomic elements, political, cultural, and spiritual aspects. Health was not a component of Henderson concept that was clearly defined but Henderson did imply that health was in relation to one’s independence (Masters, 2015). Basically, the 14 components of basic needs relate to the persons health as health relates to independence with activities of daily living. Nursing is very clearly defined by Virginia Henderson and she has one of the best known definitions of nursing. According to Virginia Burggraf (2012) Virginia Henderson defined nursing as: the unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. As for advanced practice nursing fields Virginia Henderson was a proponent for nurses to be independent practitioners she may have not wanted full practice independence as she was not for nurses taking on what she perceived as physician duties such as diagnosis, treatment, and making judgment calls (Masters, 2015). Proposition of Concepts Masters (2015) suggest that nurses are viewed as a helper, assistant and companion to a patient’s health role and wellbeing. The relationship aspect is that when a patient is sick the nurse helps the patient to get better and recover, while the patient is in rehabilitation role the nurse assists the patients in achieving independence. Lastly the nurse is a companion during planning of care, goal setting, and preventive maintenance initiatives. Assumptions of Needs Theory According to Masters (2015) there are seventeen assumptions of the Needs theory that were implicated from Henderson’s theory they include: Nurses must assist people with illnesses; nurses must collaborate within an interdisciplinary team and become independent professionally from the physician; 14 concepts of nursing describe patient needs and complete nursing functions; goals are achieved with a symbiotic relationship between patient and nurse with health promotion as the nurses main goal; patient and family are one with mind and body being one within the person; assist patient with independence while the patient controls their physiological and psychological harmony; people function in health at all times and must maintain independence and relationships; people maintain health status with knowledge and awareness; illness effects environment conditions and nurses should maintain a safe environment; nurses must be culturally competent and must maintain best practice methods wh ile relying on evidence-based research methods. As explained above the four major concepts were defined by Virginia Henderson that also describes the four metaparadigm’s as Henderson theory is the foundation of nursing practice. Henderson theory does include sub-concepts which will be explained. These 14 sub-concepts are: normal respiration, proper nutrition and hydration, waste elimination and management, mobility for posture maintenance, sleep and relaxation, proper appearance and grooming, thermoregulation through external factors, safe environment and preventive injury, communicate emotional concerns and distress, spiritual worship, career leading to achievement, recreational activities, and utilization of health resources and using healthcare facilities (Vera, 2014b). These are all relevant elements to an APRN as these can be used within assessment towards finding the patient’s independence level and to assess patient’s assistance in obtaining or maintaining activities of daily living for basic needs (Mas ters, 2015). Theoretical Clarity and Applicability Virginia Henderson theory is very easily understandable and covers a broad range of nursing especially the APRN as independence was a goal for Henderson’s nursing goal besides patient’s health promotion. The definition of nursing is clear and very lucid and applicable to her assumptions and components of theory. Since it was not her motive to come up with a nursing theory consistency within the theory is adequate though death is not clarified as she maintains that nurses should be there for patient death and comfort but no suggestion as what one must do or grief assistance with the family and patient. Theory Sub-concepts in Practice and Guidance of Nursing Actions Utilizing Virginia Henderson’s basic needs theory and its 14 concepts will be beneficial in my practice as a new Family Nurse Practitioner. As I would like to work within the emergency department, putting into action clinical provider interventions would lead to examples such as: concept of breathing normally would lead me to administer my patient oxygen with an Albuterol treatment and treat with intravenous Solu-Medrol. Eating and drinking appropriately, proper nutrition is vital for diabetes management, weight management, heart health, wound healing, autoimmune disease, and patients overall health. Body waste removal, imbalanced removal of body waste can indicate if there is an organism illness such as C. difficile, being aware of normal elimination methods and treating with antifungals and antibiotics with probiotic treatment for maintenance for good gut health. Movement and mobility, it is important to maintain my patients independence so splinting fractures from sports injuries, or advising low impact exercise and flexibility exercises to arthritic and osteoporosis patients are crucial to my practice development. Sleep and relaxation is important sub-concept of Henderson theory, maintaining my patients sleep rhythm and patterns by decreasing external stimuli while my patient is in the ED at night, and providing privacy and comfort during the day and more importantly at night will allow a calmer and more enhanced patient experience. Dressing appropriately is important to the patient’s perception of physical self and wellbeing. Being able to dress independently is an important ADL, within the ER this can be seen when patient is able to wear a gown and apply it on themselves without assistance, providing them time to dress themselves without being an inconvenience to acuity. Body temperature regulation is important to the patient’s physical health, if a patient can not regulate their temperature heat blankets or mechanical regulated blankets like a Bair hugger can be applied to maintain proper thermoregulation. Clean body and protection of the skin, importance of promoting proper body hygiene and infection prevention practices and isolation procedures for my fellow employees and nurses and educate them to teach patients as well as family upon entering the ED and seeing the patient. Avoiding a dangerous environment, it is important to teach staff to transport patients within the ED and to other areas of the hospital is important for their physical health. Properly utilizing body mechanics, identifying fall risk patients intervening by locking bed and wheelchair wheels when necessary and maintaining a clean uncluttered patient room and hallway environment for patient safety. Communication with others about feelings, it is important to use interpersonal and therapeutic communication and as a future APRN it is vital for me to actively listen to my patients and fellow team. Being able to empathize with a patient can open up to psychiatric, emotional and social traumas one may have occurred during an assessment history intake and being able to empathetically listen while making a proper medical judgement call is important for patients wellbeing. Spiritual worship is important to the person’s mental and emotional wellbeing. As an APRN allowing others cultural and spiritual options influence their medical decision needs to be respected and nurtured as vital for the patients and families. Assimilation into the healthcare system that may or may not nurture their spiritual/cultural decision. This will increase my spiritual/cultural competence. Work that increases oneself worth, important for patients mental health, leads to feelings of independence. Allowing one to continue their work and hobby benefits them to feel independent and able to fulfill their ADL’s. So maintaining ones finger after a work related accident by suturing and referral or assistance with a plastic surgeon is important knowledge to maintain in allowing ones independence. Recreation activities benefits the patients physical health, some patients come to the ED after a sports injury so maintaining a sprain ankle by wrapping it and teaching the patient to utilize crutches and slowly introduce low impact, low weight bearing exercise while teaching proper NSAID administration is important in preserving my patients future recreational activities. Normal health development and its resources, when I become a new APRN learning the different patients and diagnosis I see and utilizing a cohesive interdisciplinary team who is more knowledgeable as a resource is important for best practices towards the patient for their optimum health. Conclusion Virginia Henderson’s needs theory is applicable to many disciplines of nursing with various practice scopes. Utilizing this theory and putting it into action within practice is very adaptable and allows one to reflect on their nursing competency when it involves maintaining a person’s health promotion and independence level. As stated by Masters (2015) with Henderson’s philosophy of applying best practice methods which involve evidence-based research, advanced practice application of theory can be a foundation for their nursing process. References Burggraf, V. (2012). Overview and summary: The new millennium: Evolving and emerging nursing roles. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17(2). doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol17No02ManOS Masters, K. (2015). Models and theories focused on nursing goals and functions. In J. B. Butts, K. L. Rich (Eds.), Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice (2nd ed., pp. 377-407). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Nicely, B., DeLario, G. T. (2011). Virginia hendersons principles and practice of nursing applied to organ donation after brain death. Progress in transplantation, 21(1), 72-77. Vera, M. (2014). Virginia henderson The first lady of nursing. Retrieved from http://nurseslabs.com/virginia-henderson/ Vera, M. (2014). Virginia henderson’s nursing need theory. Retrieved from http://nurseslabs.com/virginia-hendersons-need-theory/

Northouses Leadership, Theory and Practice :: assigned leaders vs emergent leaders

1. Read Chapter 1 in Northouse. What does leadership mean? Justify your response. Explain the following components of leadership: process, influence, group context, and goal attainment. Northouse described a number of leadership approaches and theories. He began by pointing out there are as many definitions of leadership as there are people to define leadership. As a result, he developed his definition by first outlining the components of leadership. The features listed by Northouse were that leadership is seen as a process, involves influencing other people, takes place in the context of a group, and is based on the attainment of a mutual goal. He then defined leadership as â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal†. On another note, leadership is simply defined as the influencing process of leaders and followers to achieve organizational objectives through change (Lussier & Achua, 2010). Process: The leadership process is the ongoing relationship between leaders and followers to accomplish company goals. Leadership is basically the influence of a leader in achieving shared goals through followers. The process of leaders and followers working together is different for each business. Some companies value and incorporate leadership development or management trainee programs into their company culture. Leadership process is not a linear but an interactive event. Influence: is the process of leader communicating ideas, gaining acceptance of them, and motivating followers to support and implement the ideas through change (Lussier & Achua, 2010). This element is all about the relationship between leader and followers. Moreover influencing includes power, politics, and negotiation. Leaders gain the commitment of followers who are willing to adapt and get influenced. Group context: Leadership occurs in a group context. It takes place in groups and involves the process of influencing individuals in the group who have a common purpose. Goal attainment: Leadership involves goal attainment. It includes attention to goals and directs a group of individuals towards accomplishing a defined task or goal. 2. Distinguish between assigned and emergent leaders. Give an example of an instance in which you â€Å"emerged† as a leader. Explain how your communication might have facilitated your emergence as a leader. Include information from one outside source, in addition to the textbook, and include all appropriate APA documentation. Assigned leadership is primarily by appointment of people to formal leadership positions of authority within an organization. Assigned leaderships could be managers of sports teams, presidents and vice presidents of the universities, plant managers, the CEOs of hospitals, the executive directors of nonprofit organizations.

Chick-fil-a case study Essay

Looking at this case study, it really shows me how a company that has morals and beliefs can still make it in this competitive environment. I am a huge Chick-fil-A fan and am proud of them for standing by their beliefs. The types of marketing strategies used by Chick-fil-A are substantial and completely different from every other restaurant in the United States. Chick-fil-A’s unique corporate culture derives from Cathy’s Christian background and his desire to inspire and influence people. The company’s official statement of corporate purpose is â€Å"to glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us and to have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick-fil-A† (Wilkinson, p.631). Another form of their marketing strategy that Chick-fil-A uses is their extensive corporate giving programs. The company has helped thousands of restaurant employees, foster children, and other young people through the WinShape Foundation that Cathy established in 1984 to help â€Å"shape winners† (Wilkinson, p.631). Their advertising is also a key role in their marketing strategy, using the â€Å"Eat Mor Chikin† campaign is one of the longest-running, and one of the most successful, advertising campaigns in the United States (Wilkinson, p.631). Chick-fil-A’s positioning strategy is a faith based and giving company that wants to help the community through charity. Their position on being closed on Sunday’s is proven by their owners statement saying, if it took seven day to make a living with a restaurant, then we needed to be in some other line of work (Wilkinson, p. 631). Being a wholesome company that wants to make a living instead of making a fortune has been a great successful position strategy for Chick-fil-A and is proven by their increase of sales yearly. I do believe that being closed of Sunday is a competitive advantage for Chick-fil-A. One of the reasons why it is a competitive advantage is because Chick-fil-A is the only restaurant that is known for being closed on Sunday and I believe that doing that shows how family, Christian based the restaurant is and makes them appeal to a vast percentage of the United States. The survey in our class proved to me that them being closed on Sundays was a competitive advantage because the majority of my classmates said that it makes them want to eat Chick-fil-A on Mondays because they can’t have it on Sundays. Obviously it isn’t a disadvantage because of the amount of sales that they had in 2005 with $1.975 billion in sales with forecasted sales of $3 billion by 2010 (Wilkinson, p. 631). I personally don’t believe that any other restaurant in the industry should consider closing on Sundays. One of the reasons I say that is because they are the first company to do it and if any company was to follow they would be called copycats of Chick-fil-A and I believe that it wouldn’t be a benefit for the company. The only way that it might work for a company, it would have to be a new company to the market and couldn’t sell chicken or look anything like Chick-fil-A. Probably in my opinion there isn’t another retailer in any type of industry that could get away with being closed on Sunday without backlash. Since Chick-fil-A started this at the beginning of the company and have stuck to their guns on this and that’s why they have had success with it, and honestly that’s Chick-fil-A’s special thing for the industry and no one else could use it. Chick-fil-A is a great company and I hope that they continue being a community steward and helping employees better themselves. Work Cited Dr. J.B. Wilkinson (2011). Chick-fil-A: â€Å"Eat Mor Chikin† (Except on Sunday). Retrieved from Basic Marketing- A marketing strategy planning approach

Alcohol Essay

His advice to teens is to not rink at all and stand up to peer pressure. The advice he gives to his children is to Stay clear Of alcohol and if you are brought into a situation involving alcohol excuse yourself from the party or wherever that may be. He explained that even if you aren't drinking and are in an environment with alcohol that new laws in Pennsylvania claim you are still in the possession of alcohol and you can get charged for that. He touched on the fact that it's becoming socially acceptable by some parents to allow their kids to drink in a controlled environment.He is completely against this because you run the risk of them tenting behind the wheel and putting their lives at risk. I think many people need to be aware of Officer Myers view on substance abuse amongst teens. Especially the fact that you can still get charged with underage drinking, if you are in the presence of alcohol at a party, even if you aren't the one drinking it. I'm against this law because I thin k it discourages the idea of designated drivers but do believe people need to be aware of it. The first adult I interviewed had a very strong opinion on substance abuse among adolescents.She stated that people have a genetic predetermined gene that makes them have an addictive personality. If kids start experimenting with alcohol and drugs too early she believes that they will most likely become abusers by adulthood. She stated, â€Å"It runs in families, for example, several men in my family are alcoholics who personally turned me off from drinking. Also, my older brother was a heavy drinker and my niece has had years of alcohol and drug abuse. It eventually got to the point that she lost custody of her 5 children and was put in jail for stealing money to support her habit. Having grown up with an alcoholic grandfather, she explained that watching the negative effects that alcohol had on her family add her feel in a way that she didn't think alcohol was something she needed. She w as extremely curious as to how kids today even obtain alcohol, who gives them the money, and so on. She also thinks it's outrageous that some parents accept drinking among their teens or even allow them to do it at home. She added, â€Å"l have friends that who let their underage kids drink at home and they said it was to teach them to learn to drink responsibly.However, I think that could increase their chances of addiction and should not be tolerated. † I definitely can relate to this persons perspective on alcohol abuse among adolescents. Coming from a family that has had alcohol and drug problems, I completely understand her viewpoint and why she feels that its not only is it unnecessary for her to drink, but that underage drinking should not be tolerated. However, as I do believe that some people may be more prone to becoming an addict I do disagree with her statement about people being born addicts.The second adult I interviewed absolutely had a different view on drinki ng and alcohol abuse among adolescents. She started off by saying â€Å"The way the laws are today, teens cannot drink beer like did when was a teen. Now they rink hard liquor and they can't handle it. It's also so forbidden that it almost makes it attractive. † She continued by saying that drinking vodka as your first experience is a gateway into trying the next bigger thing which could be smoking weed, than taking pills, and then getting into harder drugs and major alcohol and substance abuse problems.She believes the laws have helped with Dud's but not with changing the drinking and substance abuse amongst teens. Experimenting with alcohol, she stated, is something that teens have always done and that is something she doesn't think any law or program loud change and convince teenagers not to drink. She also added, â€Å"l feel it's always going to take something tragic to happen to make somebody say they won't ever drink again. Also feel people are born addicts. I had a f riend in high school who drank beer in his house alone every night and when used to ask him why he did that he said it was because he liked the way it made him feel. That teen ended up becoming an alcoholic. She strongly felt that she there wasn't anything someone could do about it. Starting a habit that young as a teen wreaked havoc on his early adult life. When asked about her experiences with drinking she stated that, â€Å"l personally could never drink again in my life and it wouldn't bother me. I think people are the way they are. † She explained this is why it's hard for her to relate to teens that have us absence issues because she wonders why they can't just stop doing what they are doing.Something I strongly agree with that this second adult stated was that sometimes it takes something tragic to happen for a teen or even an adult to say that they will never drink again. Although this is clearly not the ideal situation I do think that this happens a lot and that some times kids are hard o convince otherwise. Also agree that bad habits of substance abuse as a teen can lead to a troubled adulthood. I also agree with her view on something that seems like a spiral affect. If you start drinking vodka as a young teen, you may keep experimenting with worse things that could have serious negative effects.The teens interviewed had very interesting views on substance abuse amongst adolescents. The first teen started off by saying, â€Å"l think it's ridiculous that the drinking age is 21 to prevent brain damage, injuries, and addiction when an 18 year old can legally buy cigarettes and smoke as many packs a day as they want. Teens can risk their lives fighting for a country in a war but can't have a beer. † His reasoning was that he understands that experimenting with alcohol can be very dangerous can kill you if you drink too much, especially as a teen, but he feels that he is mature enough to drink responsibly.His parents were raised in a house w here they were able to drink wine with dinner; this made drinking seem like less of a deal. To him, drinking in a controlled environment can benefit kids and stop them from binge drinking. He also stated that drinking in a controlled environment can decreases a child's chance of addiction. The zero tolerance by the police for alcohol abuse by teens does not work. They should instead try to teach teens how to drink responsibly,† he stated. His parents rule is that if he comes home too intoxicated then he will be grounded for a month but they understand that he Will be experimenting with alcohol.While they do not encourage it, they are understanding and want him to know that he can call them if him or any Of his friends are in danger and need help. He added, â€Å"l think that's the best way to be because don't have to sneak around and can have an honest relationship with my parents. † I thought that my friend's viewpoint on the fact that if an 18 year old is fighting for our country, risking his life, and can legally buy cigarettes that he should be able to drink a beer was very interesting.It's something that don't hear about a lot and is a bit controversial because it seems like fighting in a war and smoking can be much more harmful to one's health. I agree that the zero tolerance policy by the police with underage drinking does not work in most cases because don't think teens are ever going to stop drinking. Although I'm not sure that his family's rules on him drinking are the best, it's interesting how beneficial they seem to him. â€Å"l think drinking is really fun and that's why teenagers do it.Kids who binge drink and throw up are disgusting but they will learn from their mistakes,† is what the second friend interviewed had to say. Similarly to what my first friend said, my second friend said that although some adults are in denial of this, no alcohol class, citation, or program could make him stop drinking. Alcohol use amongst teens is completely normal to him but what he is against is getting behind the wheel after you have been drinking or getting in the car tit someone who has been drinking.He stated that if adults want to help teens maybe they should educate them about how different types of alcohol affection differently so teens are aware of alcohol poisoning and how easy it could happen to someone. He added, â€Å"l think the kids who drink the most and do drugs have family problems or other deep rooted issues. Most teenagers just want to have a good time on the weekend and get away from the stress of school, sports, Stats, college applications etc. † In conclusion, he stated that these types of kids who drink to have a good time are different hat kids who abuse drugs and alcohol and that those kids have way bigger problems.

Covering Letter Example

Covering Letter Example Covering Letter – Coursework Example Covering letter Insert Insert (Insert (Insert address) (Insert (Insert    To The Human Resource Manager, Hellmann Worldwide Logistics Company,Insert address,CityDear Sir/Madam,RE: COVERING LETTERI am writing to apply to the job position as a supplies manager noting that my education and background is an excellent match to the job description. As an intern supplies manager at (Insert company), I was exposed to coordination of the shipment process dispatch tools, routing, and scheduling with respect to clients demands. Through included designing, handling and implementing supply and bookkeeping involving records. To reflect, I led a team of 15 workers whom I did not accomplished task to the satisfaction of the company. It involved facilitating and collaborating.Having achieved a training session within the company under the counsel of able managers, I hereby feel privileged to undertake the leadership with sober mind and in a position to take up a bigger role with confidence. I am co mpetent in computer skills that include using microsoft suite, Lotus notes and the internet. I have learned adeptness in developing operation dispatch, process planning, logistic analysis, purchasing and production, and routing. In addition, I now handle carriers, vendors, packing facilities and trucking companies with the keenness it requires. I have learned the art of effectively accomplishing transportation associated activities, storage, and distribution endeavors including the delivery of IATA and CASS reports.I learned confidence as a facet to my abilities in handling multiple tasks efficiently, and maintaining confidentiality of highly sensitive codes of information. Moreover, issues that deal with certification and legalization. Rate requests and preparation is what I do best and I have a feeling in line with bringing this expertise to your organization and through delivery and execution of my logical and analytical skills, professionalism and excellent organizational skills consistent with ISO 9001:2008 certification. I will together with teamwork increase customers’ satisfaction and drive economic and regional growth that is achieved by quick and efficient delivery of service.I promise to work towards meeting your institutioal mission by delivering customer needs, through effective communication with clients, managers and fellow workers. Thank you for your review and consideration.Yours faithfully,Insert nameReferencesBly, R. (2004). Websters New World letter writing handbook. Indianapolis: Wiley.Brice, J., & Bligh, J. (2005). Dear Editor ...: advice on writing a covering letter. Med Educ, 39(9), 876-876. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02255.xDonovan, S. (2004). Writing Successful Covering Letters for Unsolicited Submissions to Academic Journals: Comment. Journal Of Scholarly Publishing, 35(4), 221-222. doi:10.3138/jsp.35.4.221Loewen, N., & Lyles, C. (2009). Sincerely yours. Minneapolis, Minn.: Picture Window Books.Payne, M. (2011). Grant writin g demystified. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill.

Understanding Trademark Names and Logos

Understanding Trademark Names and Logos Both the Nike logo with its widely recognizable swoosh and the phrase Just Do It are excellent examples of a trademark. A great trademark can help with the sales of goods and services, and very desirable goods or services can make a trademark famous. What Is A Trademark? Trademarks protect words, names, symbols, sounds, or colors that distinguish goods and services. Trademarks, unlike patents, can be renewed forever as long as they are being used in business. The roar of the MGM lion, the pink of the insulation made by Owens-Corning (who uses the Pink Panther in advertising by permission from its owner!), and the shape of a Coca-Cola bottle are familiar trademarks. These are brand names and identities and are important in marketing a product or service. Brand Name Vs Generic Name Naming an invention involves developing at least two names. One name is the generic name. The other name is the brand name or trademark name. For example, Pepsi  ® and Coke  ® are brand names or trademark names; cola or soda are the generic or product names. Big Mac  ® and Whopper  ® are brand names or trademark names; hamburger is the generic or product name. Nike  ® and Reebok  ® are brand names or trademark names; sneaker or athletic shoe are generic or product names. Primary Trademarks The term trademark is often used to refer to any type of mark that can be registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or USPTO. The two primary types of marks that can be registered with the USPTO are: Trademarks that are used by their owners to identify goods, that is, physical commodities, which may be natural, manufactured, or produced, and which are sold or otherwise transported or distributed via interstate commerce.Service marks that are used by their owners to identify services, that is, intangible activities, which are performed by one person for the benefit of a person or persons other than himself, either for pay or otherwise. Other Types of Marks There are other types of marks that can be registered, however, they occur infrequently and have some different requirements for registration than the more commonly applied for trademarks and service marks. Since the benefits of registration are essentially the same for all types of marks, the term trademark is often used in general information that applies to service marks, certification marks, and collective marks as well as to true trademarks, the marks used on goods. Using Trademark Symbols You can use the symbols TM for trademark or SM for service mark to indicate that you are claims rights to the marks without having federal registration. However, use of the TM and SM symbols may be governed by different local, state, or foreign laws. The federal registration symbol  ® can only be used after the mark is actually registered in the USPTO. Even though an application is pending, the registration symbol  ®may not be used before the mark has actually become registered. Can I Apply For A Registered Trademark By Myself? Yes, and you would also be responsible for observing and complying with all the procedural issues and requirements. Trademark registration is not easy, you may need professional help. The names of attorneys who specialize in trademark law may be found in the telephone yellow pages, or by contacting a local bar association.

Neoliberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Neoliberalism - Essay Example At some point, economics advocated for the abolition of government intervention in economic matters and there were no restrictions whatsoever on economic matters. This paved way for free trade and competition allowing capitalists to maximize profits, as they desired. In the US, this type of liberalism prevailed through the 1800s and the early 1900s. US experienced a capitalist crisis much later on that was coupled with shrinking profits rates. This motivated the elite economists to revive economic liberalism hence neoliberalism, which has been met with criticism. In the United States, it has been said to destroy welfare programs, cutting back social problems as well as attacking the rights of laborers (Shah, 2010). The supporters and those benefiting from neoliberalism are a minority, compared to the world’s population and for the majority; it has brought suffering and denied protection of children, youth women as well as the globe itself. The minority who are benefiting from this new liberalism fail to realize that they are contributing to the undermining of the rights and privileges of the majority. Free trade leads to social damages since no restrictions will mean reduced wages following de-unionizing of workers and eliminating their rights. Supporters of this will claim that it will lead to increased growth. They fail to realize that it will not benefit everyone bit will oppress the majority. Expenses for infrastructure and social amenities such as hospitals and schools as well maintenance costs of infrastructure of road is minimised in the name of reducing government role. This is done but benefits received by the government such as subsidies and taxes are not minimised. Privatization of state owned enterprises and services such as banks, key industries, social amenities and electricity as well as fresh water supply. This will of course lead to concentrating the wealth only for the minority and the major populace

Anish Kapoor Exhibition Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Anish Kapoor Exhibition Review - Essay Example Anish Kapoor: Memory suggests the sequences in which human perception arises through the principle of memory. â€Å"Memory,† a site-specific installation which contrives to fill Guggenheim’s enormous gallery space, becomes an investigation of scale, volume, color and materiality and consequently experiments on the limitations or restrictions of space and place. The exterior shell of this massive egg-shaped sculpture secures itself tightly against the peripheries of the gallery walls and ceiling, and down again to the floor. The eight millimeter thick Cor-Ten steel material chosen by Kapoor allows the form to achieve an apparent weightlessness although in reality, the sculpture is sits heavily at twenty-four tons. The illusion of lightness is realized through the construction of complex structural engineering that is specifically designed to be experienced through a series of partial and spatially separated views. Hence, Memory’s charm lies in its inaccessibility, preventing itself from revealing its true form. Memory is conceived as a new kind of experience as something that cannot be experienced at once but is rather understood through a series of separate, meaningful fragments. No one sees the whole thing at once as a result of the use of gallery space. Each visible segment is only seen after the viewer has experienced other unrelated elements of the museum and we are reminded that our memory in part, works in a similar fashion. The exhibit’s presentation invites us to daydream and reconstruct a mental image through the process of gestalt. In that sense, Kapoor considers the ways in which people feel and think about space, how they form attachments to their environment, and how feelings about space and place are affected by the sense of time. Memory is a critical understanding of how we are rooted to place and space. He extends his observation regarding the directionality of the different viewpoints

Marketing Plan (Project about product) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Plan (Project about product) - Essay Example This would be done by live demos as well as online advertisement. Besides, this, we are including a depreciation cost of $5000 which includes depreciation of equipment as well as that of patents and copyrights. We also need to provide after-sales support to our clients to help them use the software and troubleshoot any bugs that arise. To start the business, we are aiming to acquire funding of $500,000. As shown in the balance sheet, apart from the usual assets in the business, the major assets of the business shall be patents and copyrights on our software and the software in the inventory. It is assumed that we shall keep a ready stock of 20 ready-to-deploy software copies in our stock. Also, we are assuming that 20% of the sales will be on credit as well as 20% of the expenses will be payable by us. At the first stage, we need to define the marketing goals for our business. For our software product, we have defined specific goals that we plan to achieve from our marketing program. Since we are just starting the business, as an overall marketing goal, we want to become the pioneers of producing and selling social CRM software for manufacturers of outdoor gears. Specifically, we would like to achieve the sales figure mentioned in the financial projection in terms of both sales amount and sales units. Further, since we are launching a unique product, we do not have any existing competition. However, we can set a target for ourselves to convince at least 10% of the existing outdoor gear manufacturers in using our software. If we achieve this target, we shall be able to meet our sales projection goals. As a further step for product awareness and publicity, we would want that at least 60% of our target market is aware of our product. Once we have established these goals, we need to define measures to evaluate our performance and identify the gaps. As a further step, we need to find out the causes of these gaps. To evaluate our

CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES - Assignment Example s for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the frequency of autism in the United States is 1 out of every 68 children (Bakken, Obiakor, and Rotatori 37). This translates into 1 out of every 42 boys and 1 out of every in 189 girls. According to IDEA, deaf-blindness means simultaneous visual and hearing handicaps, the mix of which results in such serious communication and other academic and growth needs that the affected child cannot fit in special academic programs meant for children with visual or hearing handicaps (Mamlin 35). IDEA defines deafness as a hearing handicap so serious that a child is limited in interpreting linguistic information via hearing, with or without sound intensification, which negatively affects the academic ability of a child (Doyle 107). This is a condition marked by the following attributes: a learning problem that cannot be rationalized by sensory, medical, or intellectual issues; an inability to establish or sustain good interpersonal relationships with teachers and other classmates; a general ubiquitous feeling o depression or melancholy; inappropriate emotions or types of conduct in normal situations; and a habit of developing physical traits or phobias related to personal or academic problems (Colker 47). These attributes are displayed over a long period and to a considerable extent that detrimentally affects the academic performance of a child. This definition includes schizophrenia but is inapplicable to socially maladjusted children, unless it is verified that they are emotionally disturbed. 8.3 million children (14.5 percent) between the ages of four and seventeen have parents who have consulted healthcare providers or academic personnel about their emotional or behavioral challenges (Colker 109). Doctors have prescribed drugs for these problems for around 2.9 million. This disability is defined as a handicap in hearing, whether intermittent or permanent, that has a regressive effect on the educational ability of a child,

Sociological Systems Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sociological Systems Theory - Essay Example A relationship is defined, as the interactive existence of more than one occurrence, in which there is a relative linkage marked by logic, concept, structure, or time. In this mode a relationship between occurrences is more than a proposition. For example, management and organization scientists generally define propositions on stating relationships between two or more concepts. An illustration would be the linkage between the efforts carried on R&D and the satisfaction of users of the new product, which was thus developed. When a relationship is defined beyond the propositional boundaries, it would be similar to the chain architecture of propositions, which compose an entire theory. This flow and changeability of variables are characteristics of a process mode, in which occurrences are linked by virtue of conceptual criteria. For instance, a theory of innovation would be explained in the form of a process, where research flows into development, into testing, engineering, and marketing. Processes are to a large extent structural manifestations of theories where propositions may be ordered to form a coherent theory. Underlying the managerial and organizational approaches to problem solving criteria are four methods: (1) parsimony; (2) simplicity; (3) closeness and realism; and (4) balance and equilibrium. Let us examine each criterion inclusive of its limitations and weaknesses. Methodologies Parsimony: With parsimony, the issue is to achieve economy in describing the phenomenon for the purpose of studying, modeling, and data collection. Burton and Obel have suggested, "Parsimonious explanations are a factor in determining the validity of computational models". (Burton R, and B. Obel, 1995) Parsimony becomes a problem when it contributes to capricious modeling in the quest for economy. Variables that may be factors in alternative explanations should be measured and are left outside the research design for reasons beyond the logical linkage. In the transition from theory to modeling, then to experimental design, the quest for parsimony is additive, hence sequentially and deleteriously compress the universe being investigated. (Geisler, 1999) Issues of construct validity are to be considered in non-adherence to parsimony. That is, in defense of economy and elegance it may be said that by clearly defining the phenomenon, the validity of the design increases, but at what price Largely at the expense of a more productive and comprehensive approximation to a more viable representation of the phenomenon, the result is akin to the problem of accuracy versus useful information. Parsimonious qualification of research into the managerial and organizational activities may lead to a slice of the phenomenon that is highly researchable, accurate, and elegant yet of little use as representative of the broader phenomenon. Simplicity The second methodology is the quest for simplicity. As in the case of parsimony, threats to validity are anchored in both the research desi

Total Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Total Integration - Essay Example Technology played a big role in setting the pace for these changes. As we approach the era of globalisation and liberalisation, and the channels of communication become diverse and more consumer friendly, reaching out to the customer is not considered the task of marketing department in isolation. Now the customer can be reached through the online route, different types of web-services etc. besides the traditional methods like media advertising, sponsorships, word of mouth publicity etc. Now an increasing emphasis is being laid on creating goodwill amongst the existing as well as prospective customers. Such efforts require that an integrated approach is adopted towards the ultimate objective. Total integration strategy is a broader term which involves an integrated approach in dealing with human resources, manufacturing, marketing, R&D and other supporting wings of the business entity. Environmental concerns and philanthropic efforts have also become integral parts of the creating goodwill and adding more market space. In addition to adding more features, value addition becomes the key component of product differentiation. Market led forces necessitate that the company should come out with a product which appeals to the customer's requirements. Piercy (2002) points out that total integration calls for change in thinking of the company from the traditional functions like marketing, sales, production etc. to the need for seeking active cooperation and coordination from all the stakeholders in the business. Such an approach in fact divides the marketing function also in four different segments namely; Integrated or Full service Marketing Departments: Such marketing departments are the one's which have become a norm now a days. Value addition and customer care happen to be the topmost priority in these types of marketing wings. Lack of adequate time, a fast life, range of available other brands in the market and evolving needs of the customer necessitate such an approach on the part of the manufacturer and the service provider. The emphasis in such an approach is not on operational effectiveness, but on value addition and other effective strategies instead. Porter (1996) points out that, for a company to outperform its rivals it has to establish a difference and subsequently to preserve it. This can be done in a effective manner by delivering a greater value to the customer, creating comparable value at lower cost or to do both. The full service marketing departments are not only meant for soliciting sales orders, but they also have the added responsibility of reaching out to the c ustomer, by integrating marketing campaigns or otherwise. In view of added responsibilities to such department Piercy (2002) states that such departments can wield 'clout' in the company affairs. In fact while product differentiation is key to an integrated approach, the evolving nature of core competencies has also become the hallmark of globalisation and competitive era. Nicholas (1996) also points out towards the changing nature of core competencies when he points out that Core competences can indeed deliver sustainable competitive advantage, but with competitor making inroads into the turf and affecting the needs of the customer, a phase invariably arrives when companies are supposed to unlearn these competencies and a company which can move easily through such a transition process find the sustainable business goal rather easily.

CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CATEGORIES OF DISABILITIES - Assignment Example s for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the frequency of autism in the United States is 1 out of every 68 children (Bakken, Obiakor, and Rotatori 37). This translates into 1 out of every 42 boys and 1 out of every in 189 girls. According to IDEA, deaf-blindness means simultaneous visual and hearing handicaps, the mix of which results in such serious communication and other academic and growth needs that the affected child cannot fit in special academic programs meant for children with visual or hearing handicaps (Mamlin 35). IDEA defines deafness as a hearing handicap so serious that a child is limited in interpreting linguistic information via hearing, with or without sound intensification, which negatively affects the academic ability of a child (Doyle 107). This is a condition marked by the following attributes: a learning problem that cannot be rationalized by sensory, medical, or intellectual issues; an inability to establish or sustain good interpersonal relationships with teachers and other classmates; a general ubiquitous feeling o depression or melancholy; inappropriate emotions or types of conduct in normal situations; and a habit of developing physical traits or phobias related to personal or academic problems (Colker 47). These attributes are displayed over a long period and to a considerable extent that detrimentally affects the academic performance of a child. This definition includes schizophrenia but is inapplicable to socially maladjusted children, unless it is verified that they are emotionally disturbed. 8.3 million children (14.5 percent) between the ages of four and seventeen have parents who have consulted healthcare providers or academic personnel about their emotional or behavioral challenges (Colker 109). Doctors have prescribed drugs for these problems for around 2.9 million. This disability is defined as a handicap in hearing, whether intermittent or permanent, that has a regressive effect on the educational ability of a child,

Total Integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Total Integration - Essay Example Technology played a big role in setting the pace for these changes. As we approach the era of globalisation and liberalisation, and the channels of communication become diverse and more consumer friendly, reaching out to the customer is not considered the task of marketing department in isolation. Now the customer can be reached through the online route, different types of web-services etc. besides the traditional methods like media advertising, sponsorships, word of mouth publicity etc. Now an increasing emphasis is being laid on creating goodwill amongst the existing as well as prospective customers. Such efforts require that an integrated approach is adopted towards the ultimate objective. Total integration strategy is a broader term which involves an integrated approach in dealing with human resources, manufacturing, marketing, R&D and other supporting wings of the business entity. Environmental concerns and philanthropic efforts have also become integral parts of the creating goodwill and adding more market space. In addition to adding more features, value addition becomes the key component of product differentiation. Market led forces necessitate that the company should come out with a product which appeals to the customer's requirements. Piercy (2002) points out that total integration calls for change in thinking of the company from the traditional functions like marketing, sales, production etc. to the need for seeking active cooperation and coordination from all the stakeholders in the business. Such an approach in fact divides the marketing function also in four different segments namely; Integrated or Full service Marketing Departments: Such marketing departments are the one's which have become a norm now a days. Value addition and customer care happen to be the topmost priority in these types of marketing wings. Lack of adequate time, a fast life, range of available other brands in the market and evolving needs of the customer necessitate such an approach on the part of the manufacturer and the service provider. The emphasis in such an approach is not on operational effectiveness, but on value addition and other effective strategies instead. Porter (1996) points out that, for a company to outperform its rivals it has to establish a difference and subsequently to preserve it. This can be done in a effective manner by delivering a greater value to the customer, creating comparable value at lower cost or to do both. The full service marketing departments are not only meant for soliciting sales orders, but they also have the added responsibility of reaching out to the c ustomer, by integrating marketing campaigns or otherwise. In view of added responsibilities to such department Piercy (2002) states that such departments can wield 'clout' in the company affairs. In fact while product differentiation is key to an integrated approach, the evolving nature of core competencies has also become the hallmark of globalisation and competitive era. Nicholas (1996) also points out towards the changing nature of core competencies when he points out that Core competences can indeed deliver sustainable competitive advantage, but with competitor making inroads into the turf and affecting the needs of the customer, a phase invariably arrives when companies are supposed to unlearn these competencies and a company which can move easily through such a transition process find the sustainable business goal rather easily.

The Importance of Reading Book Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Reading Book Essay There is much more to life than your work and spending time aimlessly with latest technology products. Reading books gives you that much needed break from the chaos in your life. It instills peace inside you, makes you relaxed and also exercises your brain in the process. When you read a book, it feels great to put yourself into a different world that the writer has created for you. Ask any avid reader about this and they too will agree that reading a book is same like watching a movie. When you spend hours and hours reading a book, creating a world with different characters in your mind, your imagination powers are sure to get a boost. Depending upon what you read, you will come out with the same experience as when you watch some really good movie. I have been a voracious reader ever since i learned how to read. Thats why i never get bored even being alone for a long time. I have found that reading books is the best medicine to kill boredom. What starts with reading story books, when you are a kid, turns into reading books for improving yourself as you grow older. From story books - technical management books - self improvement - spirituality and beyond, the journey is fantastic and you learn something with each passing day. You understand your thoughts and emotions more clearly. It makes you realize who you really are and makes your life more meaningful. Reading books will make you a better thinker and a better man. Thanks to technology you can easily find good articles to read on the internet. A great article can inspire and motivate you as much as a great book. Its not how much you read, but what you read which is more important. The only reason i recommend reading books over short articles is because when you spend hours with a thought or an idea then its more likely to stay with you for long time rather than when you spend just few minutes tinkering with it. Its easy to read a quote or an article for few minutes than discard it and continue with what you were doing. But when you invest your time in reading a good book, you end up spending at least a few hours reflecting on its contents as you read. Thus, its likely to stay with you for a longer time and have some positive influence on you. A good reader also varies his reading pace based on the content he is reading and what he wants to get from it. The purpose of reading news articles is different from reading stories, which is different from reading important documents. Over a period of time, you will understand how to vary your reading pace and comprehension based on what you read and what you want from it. Also, just reading good books is not enough. The way you read it is more important. When you come across a new idea or a different opinion, think upon it deeply. Dont accept it or reject it blindly. Try to reason with it and understand the writers point of view. Reflect upon the thoughts that come to your mind whenever you read a great book. You will know whether a book is great or not based on the thoughts it awakens inside you. As you continue this habit of reading and reflecting on what you read, you will start forming your own thoughts and values. It will challenge your mind and the thoughts, customs and traditions that you have grown up with. However, there is one thing which you should always remember when you make this a daily habit, as you are investing a part of your life doing it. Too much reading, without any thinking and action isnt of much use. When you know you are ready to do something its time to move to the next step. Act upon what you think is right and what you have decided to do. Its easy to get so much involved in the reading process, that you forget that the main purpose of reading is to make you a better person which can only happen when you act upon it. Just finishing one book after another without any real action from your side wont help you. What kind of person you want to be and what you would ultimately become depend greatly upon the type of content that you read and how much you act upon them. Reading articles that promote negativity, hatred and give wrong information is dangerous. Its better to not read anything at all than read such articles. Whether you read on some electronic device or prefer reading an actual book. Thats your personal choice. Personally, i prefer to read actual books whenever possible. I find that even after hours of reading my eyes feel fresh and full of energy. Thats something i dont find when i read too much on my computer. Before ending this article, i would like to summarize few important points and also suggest some Dos and Donts of reading: * Always read your content from a safe distance. Neither too close to your eyes neither too far away from your eyes. * Always prefer quality over quantity. Better to read one great book than hundred mediocre ones. * Understand properly what you have read and reflect upon it. * Dont accept anything blindly that you read but think for yourself and try to understand the reason behind whats been written. * Bookmark interesting pages for future reference. You never know when you will need them. * Sometimes it takes more than one reading to fully grasp some thing. Dont be disappointed if you dont understand a book in one reading. Maybe when you come back to it the next time, you will get it. * Focus completely on what you are reading. Dont think about other stuff while reading. * If possible, create a favorite spot in your house for reading books. You will feel more relaxed whenever you are there. * And above all, enjoy your reading experience. The habit of reading good content daily will act like an exercise for your mind and keep you mentally fit and flexible. If you have never given it a try then always remember that its never too late to start a good habit.

Culture of the Penan Tribe

Culture of the Penan Tribe The review that I would like to made among the 5 tribes that acted by the Bruce Parry is the Penan tribe. First of all, I would like to introduce briefly about the character of Bruce Parry. Bruce Parry is an activist that venture into the most remote area of Sarawak state in Malaysian Borneo. He believes that the only ways to knows more about the culture anthropology and knowledge for a tribe is to have a participant observation in his fieldwork. Participant observations mean that living within a given culture for an extended period of time, and take part in its cultural daily life in all its richness and diversity. The Penan is a nomadic aborigine that roved on the land of Sarawak Borneo and some other parts on Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan. Nowadays, the number of Penan had officially stated approximate to 10,000 people and around 350-500 of them are nomadic that scattered over Ulu Baram, Limbang, Tutoh and Lawas of Sarawak. (Figures retrieved from: http://www.survival-international.org) The present Penans are consisted with settled, semi-nomadic and total nomadic communities that fully depend on the forest products. In Penan society, the natives are highly developed in an egalitarian society and little gender division. It means that the social stratification among the man and women are almost equal. For instance, the man and women shared most of the chores among them. Such as, gathering the forest product and extracted sago from the sago palms, but they are still some part of chores that dominated by male, for example, hunting in the forest. Penan is a group of native that practiced the ritual of Molong which means that never take more than necessary. The majority of the Penan natives are work as nomadic hunter-gatherers. The nomadic Penan usually moves in group that consisted approximately 40 people included children and old people. They do not stayed for a long time in a particular place. The period of time that they stay is depend on the resources at the place that they stayed and when the resources became fewer, they will choose other suitable places and moved again. The nomadic Penan native that lived in the forest was very much depending on their traditional diet-Sago that starch from the Sago palm. Once, the Sago palms are matured and fully grown, the sago palm trees will be cut down. The leader of the collecting sago palm will make sure an amount of sago starched is enough for each family and kept adequately for their supply. After that no more sago palm will be chop down until they are ran out of food. Besides that, the Penan native also preys on wild animals like wild boars, mouse deer and monkeys. The hunters hunt by using a blowpipe, made with the Belian wood and carved out with a bone drill. The poison darts that they used are made from the sago palms tree bark and on its tip; the Penan dipped it with kind of powerful poisonous latex that extracted from a tree from the forest. However, the Penan natives also cultivate the planting of paddy and domestic animal breeding for their own foods not for sales. Furthermore, I would like to discuss briefly about the Penan culture. Culture can be defined as a learned behavior in any particular society includes those ideas, techniques and habits which are passed on by one generation to another in a sense, a social heritage and which are virtually a set of solutions to problems that, in the course of time, others have met and solved before. (Tony Bilton, Kevin Bonnett, Philp Jones, Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard, and Andrew Webster, 1987, page 11) The nomadic Penan move in groups and they have their own clan territories, the groups are consisted of a family of five or six members and some family even consisted of 30 people. The nomadic Penan will leave their old selap (huts) and move to another domain of forest when their sago supplies are exhausted. The majority of the roofs are tarpaulins and there are seldom roof made by giant palm leaves. In the aspect of material cultures, only Penan elders dress in traditional dress, which called chawats means that the loin cloths, and wearing large holes in their earlobes. Nowadays, the Penan natives are making the tattoos by themselves which is almost like prison tattoos. Only few Penan now go in barefoot, most of them are wearing cheap plastic boots with rounded studs to protect their foots. In addition, I would like to discuss about the Penan traditional weapons that are used for hunting. For example the Penans blowpipes which is used for hunting wild animals. The another name for blowpipe is called keleput, are approximately 6 feet long and made from one solid piece of iron wood. Secondly, the process of making the Penan poison darts is cutting off the bark of the tajem tree to extract milky latex that is warmed over a fire to produce the poison. The poison darts can cause lethal arrhythmias to the animals. Blowpipe darts are made from palm fronds with light weight. Darts with metal tips which cut from tin cans are used for bigger size wild animals like deer and bearded pig. The last weapon used by Penan hunters is knives. The Penan hunters are carrying two knives. The first knife is called a poeh, is large and machete-like. The second knife is called darhad which is much smaller than peoh and is used for cutting meat, whittling blowpipe darts and fine work. Both knive s are carried close together with the Penan hunters. Besides that, in the aspect of religion believe for Penan native, the Penan have been converting their animism belief to Christianity since in the 1930s. According to the functionalist Emile Durkheim, religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden beliefs and practice which unite into one single moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them. (Robert Van Krieken, Daphne Habibis, Philip Smith, Brett Hutchins, Michael Haralambos, Martin Holborn, 2006, page 390) However, some of the Penan native still having a strong believe in myths and spirits. The Penan leaders still practice the ritual of blood pacts with neighboring tribe when doing the political agreement. The ritual of blood pacts was believed that anyone who breach of this pact will cause to vomiting of blood and a violent death. Moreover, in the aspect of economic for Penan native, most of the Penan are work as a hunter gatherer in forest and selling the main resource of the forest which is sago. The economy can be defined as a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources, including the cultural belief that supports economic processes. During the colonial times, the British government will arrange trading missions called tamu close to the forests of the Penan to offered forest products like damar (now used in eco-paints), rattan mats and baskets, rhino horn, gaharu wood (or eagle-wood), wild rubber, monkey gallstones (for Chinese medicine), bills of hornbills, and deer antlers. These items were traded for manufacturing goods like knives, cooking pots and shotguns. None of these forest products are now abundant, but many Penans will sell surplus meat to logging camps. The Penan native also sold the high quality gaharu from gaharu tree but that can take years to accumulate. Gaharu is used a s incense, for medicinal and religious purposes, and as a perfume in the Middle East countries. For the division of labor for Penan, the man will always go for hunting and the woman will generally gather the sago from the sago palm tree and do the house chores. The pattern of economic subsistence for Penan native is foraging and horticulture. For instance, they are foraging in groups for wild plants and hunting for wild animals like wild boar and mouse deer. However, some Penan hunter still practicing the pedestrian foraging which means that the hunters are diversified hunting and gathering on foot. For the horticulture, they also rear some chickens, pigs, and monkey outside their house. The Penan native also having symbolic interactionism when they are hunting inside the forest. According to the principal ontological claim of symbolic interactionist is that reality is not immutable or fixed but is constantly being recreated or achieved through the meaningful interaction of individuals. (Tony Bilton, Kevin Bonnett, Philp Jones, Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard, and Andrew Webster, 1987, page 521) Symbolic interactionism means that the interaction among people, how people use symbols in communication and interaction to establish meaning, develop their view of the world, and communicate with one another. The Penan natives have their own forest sign language. For example, a bent twig stuck in the trail may simply delivering the direction of the hunter is going. The complex arrangements of cut twigs, sticks and folded leaves means that delivering the message to the Penan native about anything from the state of the hunting locally to the others hunter whether they are in go od mood or not. Furthermore, the Penan native also facing social changes in the Penan society. In general terms social change refers to the changes in the nature, social institution, social behavior or social relations of a society, or other social structures. According to Barbara Marliene S. Mary Ann A. Schwartz (2006) social change was defined as the time when external events happened, such as war and conquest and culture contact and diffusion, or environmental factors or internal events, such as innovations, invention and population shifts. For instance, in Penan society, the Penan native was influenced by the cultural diffusion from western, such as wearing t-shirt and jeans, cooking pot and cups made from western and lastly some of the hunter are using shotgun for hunting instead of using the blowpipes. The collective action also occur among the Penan natives toward the government when the logging company keep on cutting of the tree in Penan forest without paying any compensate and development to the Penan area. For example, many blockades were set up in attempt to stop logging operations on their land. Unfortunately, the efforts were hard to carry on and the situation turns bad with vast scale of clashes between the indigenous community and the state supported logging company. The Penan native also facing social changes because of the the geography and climate. It is because, the Penan natives is dealing with the survival problems inside the forest. Their food becomes hard to attain and the inhabited environment was contaminated because of the serious logging happened in Penan forest. These kinds of situation makes their natives life in the jungle becomes tough and unease. So, the member in the group is keep decreasing due to migration. Migration refers to the movement of people into or out of a geographical area (Barbara S Mary A, 2006). So, in future, many youngsters who grew up in the nomadic group will choose to move out from the community and headed to the life style in the city. It is because the young people rather choose a spouse from the city than they own people that stayed in the group. In the aspect of development in Penan society, the Penan native did not want any development from the government to them and they just want their own traditional life remains. According to Hunt, E. F. Colander, human being appears to be basically conservative and the human mind and personality are so constituted that once people beliefs, attitudes, and patterns of behavior, they have difficulty in changing them. (Hunt, E. F. Colander, D.C. 2005, page 90) The statement above have shown that why the Penan natives reject the development from government. However, the logging company which could bring development and economic rises to the country have also cause a lot of negative impact to the Penan natives. For instance, the poorly planned logging trails had caused the issues of earth erosion, landslides and the silting of watercourses happened. The situation had affected the functional relation among the Penan and the forest. The big trees which were removed had cause the Penan native hard to gather and hunting for their foods. Lastly half of the habitat of Penan native was being demolished. In the aspect of family in Penan society, the Penan natives are having closure group of marriage, it means that the Penan native will only married each other which is in their own tribe. According to Murdock, family is a social group characterized by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults. (James Fulcher, John Scott, 2007, page 447) Most of the family in Penan society is nuclear family and extended family. Nuclear family refers to a domestic unit composed of a man and woman in a stable marital relationship, with their dependent children, and the extended families refer to where more than one generation of husbands and wives cohabit with their offspring. (Tony Bilton, Kevin Bonnett, Philp Jones, Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard, and Andrew Webster, 1987, page 253) Most of the family member in Penan was built in extended family where the Penan natives live and work together inside their huts. In the aspect of gender in Penan society, gender can be defined as a term that has psychological or cultural rather than biological connotations. If the proper terms for sex are male and female, the corresponding terms for gender are masculine and feminine; these latter might be quite independent of biological sex. (Robert Van Krieken, Daphne Habibis, Philip Smith, Brett Hutchins, Michael Haralambos, Martin Holborn, 2006, page 304) The Penan natives are having their gender identity through the gender socialization. According to Ann Oakley, gender socialization is how socialization in modern industrial societies shapes the identity and behavior of girl and boys from an early age. (Robert Van Krieken, Daphne Habibis, Philip Smith, Brett Hutchins, Michael Haralambos, Martin Holborn, 2006, page 316) For instance, the Penans male when they are born they have to be a hunter-gatherer and do some rough work or learning the skill of doing rattans. The female who are born will have to do the h ouse chores with their mother and do the fine work like collecting sago or fruits. As a conclusion, the social changes have caused a lot of conflict among the Penan tribe and the government. Individual, groups, communities are reluctant to change and facing big struggle to adjust from the life style and conditions that they had used with, so many aspects in life have to be considered. At the same time the society have to differ themselves to maintain existing conditions. The Penan resists change because of their romanticized notion of traditional values and the good old days. (Barbara S, Mary A, 2006) For example, the Penan people valued their forest habitat and their traditional rituals very much and fear of losing each of them caused them hesitated to receive changes. So, the phenomenon of the Penan resistance is natural and it is common if they persisted in their objection. References: James Fulcher, John Scott. 2007. Sociology: Third Edition. United States. Oxford University Press Inc. Robert Van Krieken, Daphne Habibis, Philip Smith, Brett Hutchins, Michael Haralambos, Martin Holborn. 2006. Sociology Themes and Perspectives: 3rd Edition. Australia. Pearson Longman. Tony Bilton, Kevin Bonnett, Philp Jones, Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard, and Andrew Webster. 1987. Introductory Sociology: 2nd Edition. Mackays of Chatham PLC, Kent. Barbara Marliene Scott Mary Ann A. Schwartz. 2006. SOCIOLOGY: 2nd edition, Making Sense of the Social World. Allyn and Bacon Pearson. Elgin F. Hunt David C. Colander. 2005. Social Science: An Introduction To The Study Of Society. James H. McDonald. 2002. The Applied Anthropology Reader. Allyn and Bacon Pearson. BBC Tribe of Penan from the website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/tribe/tribes/penan/index.shtml, retrieved at 1 April 2010 Figures retrieved from the website: http://www.survival-international.org, retrieved at 4 April 2010.