Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Augmentative or Alternative Communication for Disabled Students

Augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) refers to all forms of communication outside of oral speech. It may range from facial expressions and gestures to forms of assistive technology. In the field of special education, AAC comprises all communication methods for teaching students with severe language or speech disabilities. Who Uses AAC? Broadly, AAC is used by people from all walks of life at different times. A baby uses non-spoken communication to express herself, as might parents coming home to sleeping children after a night out. In particular, AAC is the method of communication used by individuals with severe speech and language disabilities, who may suffer from cerebral palsy,  autism, ALS, or who may be recovering from a stroke. These individuals are unable to use verbal speech or whose speech is extremely difficult to understand (a famous example: theoretical physicist and ALS sufferer Stephen Hawking). AAC Tools Gestures, communications boards, pictures, symbols, and drawings are common AAC tools. They may be low-tech (a simple laminated page of pictures) or sophisticated (a digitized speech output device). They are divided into two groups: aided communication systems and unaided systems. Unaided communications are delivered by the individuals body, without speech. This is akin to the baby above or the gesturing parents. Individuals who are compromised in their ability to gesture, and those for whom communication needs are richer and more subtle, will rely on aided communication systems. Communications boards and pictures use symbols to help relay the individuals needs. For example, a picture of a person eating would be used to convey hunger. Depending on the mental acuity of the individual, communications boards and picture books may range from very simple communications—yes, no, more—to very sophisticated compendia of very particular desires. Individuals with physical impairments in addition to communications challenges may be unable to point with their hands to a board or book. For them, a head pointer may be worn to facilitate the use of a communication board. All in all, the tools for AAC are many and varied and are personalized to meet the needs of the individual. Components of AAC When devising an AAC system for a student, there are three aspects to consider. The individual will need a method for representing the communications. This is the book or board of drawings, symbols, or written words. There must then be a way for the individual to select the desired symbol: either through a pointer, a scanner, or a computer cursor. Finally, the message has to be transmitted to caregivers and others around the individual. If the student is unable to share her communications board or book directly with the teacher, then there must be an auditory output—for example, a digitized or synthesized speech system. Considerations for Developing an AAC System for a Student A students doctors, therapists, and caregivers may work with a speech-language pathologist or computer expert to devise a suitable AAC for students. Systems that work in the home may need to be augmented for use in an inclusive classroom. Some considerations in devising a system are: 1. What are the individuals cognitive abilities?2. What are the individuals physical abilities?3. What is the most important vocabulary relevant to the individual?4. Consider the individuals motivation to use AAC and select the AAC system that will match. AAC organizations such as the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and the AAC Institute may offer further resources for selecting and implementing AAC systems.

Monday, December 23, 2019

School Shooting A Person Suffering From Chronic Mental...

Haley Schmidt VanHorn Composition and Grammar April 25th, 2015 Newtown School Shooting Psychopath: a person suffering from chronic mental disorder with abnormal or violent social behavior. This defines 20-year-old Adam Lanza who shot his way through the locked front entrance of Sandy Hook Elementary School with a Bushmaster AR-15 on the morning of Dec. 14, 2012 (Los Angeles Times). The results of this horrific massacre took the lives of 20 children and six adult staff members. This shooting changed the way society controls security, mental health and overall personal awareness towards these events. Newtown is a town of Fairfield County, Connecticut, located sixty miles outside of New York City. In the town there are approximately 27,560 people, and 8,325 households, with 44.5% of those households containing children under eighteen (Los Angeles Times). With this being said, Newtown is a fairly active community and never expected anything like this to come its way. Mass murderer, Lanza, shot his mom on his way to the school to then have access to her household guns. Around 9:30 A.M. he entered the school holding a Bushmaster XM15-E2S rifle, openly firing his way in towards the main office (Sandy). He was dressed in all black clothes, a green utility vest, yellow earplugs and sunglasses. Principle, Dawn Hochsprung and school psychologist Mary Sherlach were meeting with other staff members when they heard the gunshots. Hochsprung, Sherlach, and teacher Natalie Hammond wentShow MoreRelated The Epidemic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay3897 Words   |  16 Pagesextr emely complex, top scientists and surgeons still struggle to comprehend how it works. The way that the brain can process information and help a person to problem solve is amazing, but another part of the brain can hold memories. 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Sunday, December 15, 2019

Cerebro Vascular Accident Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(68) " presence of malnutrition in station shot Dysphagia is runing high\." Introduction Stroke or Cerebro Vascular Accident is the rapid loss of encephalon map ( s ) due to the perturbation in the blood supply. This is caused by ischaemia resulted from the obstruction of blood supply or a bleeding. The obstruction can be due to any thrombosis or arterial intercalation which consequences in deficiency of O and glucose to the encephalon country and it can take to decease of encephalon cells and encephalon harm. We will write a custom essay sample on Cerebro Vascular Accident Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This frequently consequences in an inability to travel one or more limbs on one side of the organic structure, inability to understand or explicate address, inability to see one side of the ocular field etc. Stroke is a medical exigency as it causes lasting neurological harm, complications and even decease. ( WHO, 2008 ) Stroke is a life altering event that non merely affects the handicapped individual but besides their household and attention givers. Effective showing, rating and direction schemes for shot are good established in good developed states, but these schemes have non been to the full implemented in India. ( American Health Association, 2009 ) Stroke incidence and prevalence are indispensable for ciphering the load of disease and for be aftering the bar and intervention of shot patients. WHO estimates the figure of stroke events in some selected European states such as, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland is likely to increase from 1.1A million per twelvemonth in 2000 to more than 1.5A million per twelvemonth in 2025 entirely because of the demographic alterations. ( Truelsen et al. , 2006 ) The prevalence rate of shot is higher among the Asians. In India it is about 250-300/10000 population per twelvemonth. The National Commission on Macro-economic and Health estimated that, in India the figure of shot rate will increases from 1,081,480 in 2000 to 1,667,372 in 2015. In 1998, the overall age adjusted prevalence rate for shot is estimated to lie between 84-262/100,000 population in rural and between 334-424/100,000 populations in urban countries. The Global Burden of Disease Study estimated that the one-year shot incidence of India will increase from 91/100,000 in 2015 to 98/100,000 in 2030. ( Ezzati et al 2004 ) It has been estimated that by 2021 the shot related disablement counts in 61 million, and 52 million of which would be in developing states. Harmonizing to recent surveies, 55 % to 70 % of shot subsisters become to the full independent by 1 twelvemonth and 7 % to 15.7 % remained wholly disabled. Among those who had speech disfunction, complete recovery was reported in 47 % of instances, and there was no betterment in 12 % . Dysarthria was commoner than dysphasia. Post Stroke ictus was observed in about 2 % of instances. ( Banerjee A ; Das, 2008 ) In 2005, 400 to 800 shots per 100,000 populations in globally. 5.7 million Deaths and 15 million new acute shot instances are reported yearly. Globally, over the past four decennaries, the one-year age- standardised shot incidence rate has decreased by1.1 % in high income states but it has been increased by 5.3 % in low to middle income states. ( Feigin 2009 ) The mortality rate of shot is decreasing or stabilising in developed states. It was estimated in 2000 that, the shot accounted for 0.9-4.5 % of entire medical admittances and 9.2-30 % admittances in neurological wards. 12 % of all shots occur in people less than 40 old ages. Previous shot is the major ground for the shot in those who aged more than 65 old ages. It is estimated that 2 % decreases in overall shot mortality in India will ensue in 6.4 million fewer deceases over 10 twelvemonth period. ( Dalal et al. , 2007 ) There are chiefly two types of shot comprises ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. Ischemic stroke histories for approximately 75 % of all shots which occurs due to thrombus that blocks or diminishes the blood flow to the portion of the encephalon. A haemorrhagic shot occurs when a blood vas on the encephalon surface ruptures and fills the infinite between the encephalon and skull with blood ( subarachnoid bleeding ) or when faulty arteria in the encephalon explosions and fills the environing tissue with blood ( intellectual bleeding ) . Both consequence in deficiency of blood flow to the encephalon and a buildup of blood that put excessively much of force per unit area on the encephalon. ( Swadron, 2010 ) The clinical effects of shot can be named based on the arteria involved. This includes infarct in the anterior intellectual arteria ( ACA ) , in-between intellectual arteria ( MCA ) , posterior intellectual arteria ( PCA ) and basilar/vertebral arteria. Middle intellectual arteria and basilar arteria are most frequently involved in shot. Entire Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( TACI ) had 100 % incidence of Dysphagia, followed by Partial Anterior Circulation Infarcts ( PACI-36 % ) , Posterior Circulation infarcts ( POCI-33 % ) , and Lacunar infarcts ( LACI-18 % ) . 67 % of bleedings had post-stroke Dysphagia. ( Sundar et al. , 2008 ) Dysphagia ( trouble in get downing ) is resulted if the shots occur in the in-between intellectual arteria or internal carotid arteria or vertebral or basilar arteria. Dysphagia can be seen in 65 % of the patients with shot. If non identified and managed it can take to hapless nutrition, pneumonia and increased disablement. Aspiration is the major job associated with Dysphagia. ( Stroke connexion magazine July/august 2003 ) Approximately 30 % of the patients who had one-sided shot have dysphagic symptoms and a similar per centum have been reported in encephalon hurt patients. It is estimated that between 29 and 50 % of acute shot subsisters are dysphagic. Early bedside appraisal of Dysphagia is indispensable to forestall aspiration hazard in shot patients. ( Smithard et al. , 2003 ) Asiatics were more likely to develop Dysphagia after shot. InA theA strokeA group, the adjusted odds ratio ( OR ) with 95 % assurance interval ( CI ) forA DysphagiaA was significantly higher for Asians than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.64 ; 95 % CI, 1.50-1.79 ) and California ( OR=1.69 ; 95 % CI, 1.34-2.13 ) . The adjusted OR was somewhat but significantly higher for inkinesss than whitesA inA New York ( OR=1.15 ; 95 % CI, 1.03-1.28 ) . ( Fernandez et al. , 2008 ) The relentless dysphagia can take to malnutrition in the shot patients. The presence of malnutrition in station shot Dysphagia is runing high. You read "Cerebro Vascular Accident Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The overall odds of being malnourished were higher among topics who were dysphagic compared with topics with integral get downing ( odds ratio: 2.425 ; 95 % assurance interval: 1.264-4.649, A P lt ; 0.008 ) . ( Foley et al. , 2009 ) The higher incidence of Dysphagia increases the hazard of aspiration. In a prospective survey 60 patients were assessed clinically and underwent a bedside water-swallowing trial and videofluoroscopy within 72 hours of shot. Twenty-five patients ( 42 % ) were seen to draw out in the videofluoroscopy ; of these 20 % did non hold open Dysphagia as detected by a simple water-swallowing trial. Aspiration is most common in the early period following acute shot as a consequence of Dysphagia. ( Kidd et al. , 1993 ) Harmonizing to American Health Association ( 2006 ) , the primary bar of shot is of import because more than 70 % of shots are primary events. This includes behaviour alteration such as decreased smoke, intoxicant and salt ingestion forms, increasing fruits and vegetable ingestion and physical activity. ( Gupta et al, 2008 ) Need FOR THE STUDY Stroke is one of the prima causes of decease and disablement in the universe. Approximately 20 million people in each twelvemonth will endure from shot and 5 million of these will non be survive. Community surveys from many parts show rough prevalence rates for shot in the scope of 90-222 per 100,000 individuals. The Global Burden of Disease ( GBD ) Study, in 1990, reported 9.4 million deceases in India, of which 619,000 deceases were due to stroke, proposing a mortality rate of 73 per 100,000 individuals. The worldwide incidence has been quoted as 2 per 1000 population per twelvemonth, and about 4 per 1000 population in the people aged 45-84 old ages. The developing states histories for 85 % of planetary deceases from shot. With mention to the functional damages, 20 % of the people will necessitate institutional attention after 3 months and 15 to 30 % being for good disabled. ( Bhat et al. , 2007 ) Analysis of early deceases after shot is of import, as some deceases may be preventable. A survey on 1073 back-to-back shot patients showed 212 deceases within the first 30 yearss, leads to a mortality rate of 20 % . Early mortality after shot exhibits a bimodal distribution. One extremum occurs during the first hebdomad, and a 2nd during the 2nd and 3rd hebdomads. The high proportion of deceases in the first hebdomad is due to transtentorial herniation. After that, deceases are due to comparative stationariness ( pneumonia, pneumonic intercalation and sepsis ) predominate, striking towards the terminal of the 2nd hebdomad. ( Silver et al. , 1984 ) Dysphagia is common after shot. The appraisal of Dysphagia was made by utilizing standardised clinical methods in patients with acute shot. Dysphagia was more frequent in patients with haemorrhagic shot ( 31/63 vs. 110/343 ; P = 0.01 ) . In patients with ischaemic shot, the engagement of the arterial district of the entire in-between intellectual arteria was more often associated with Dysphagia ( 28.2 vs. 2.2 % ; p lt ; 0.0001 ) . Multivariate analysis disclosed that shot mortality and disablement were independently associated with Dysphagia ( P lt ; 0.0001 ) . The frequence of Dysphagia was comparatively high. Dysphagia assessed clinically was a important variable foretelling decease and disablement at 90 yearss. ( Paciaroni et al. , 2004 ) In acute ischaemic stroke the Dysphagia occurred within 48 hours after the oncoming of the first symptoms. After exigency infirmary admittance, three patients underwent neurological clinical rating and clinical appraisal of get downing. One of the patients presented functional swallowing, while the other two had mild and moderate oropharyngeal Dysphagia. The findings substantiate the literature informations sing the badness of the neurological status and the manifestation of Dysphagia. ( Favero et al. , 2011 ) Dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position occur often after shot. On clinical scrutiny 52.6 % of survey patients ‘ demonstrated Dysphagia and 26.3 % were identified with hapless nutritionary position. Dysphagia, based on clinical appraisal, was associated with shot badness ( National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, OR 4.6, 95 % CI 1.6-13.1 ; modified Rankin Scale, OR 12.3, 95 % CI 3.2-47.4 ) and with functional unwritten consumption ( OR 29.2, 95 % CI 8.4-101.8 ) , but non with steps of nutritionary position ( Mini Nutritional Assessment, OR 1.0, 95 % CI 0.4-2.8 ) . Nutritional steps did non correlate with swallowing or shot badness steps. It confirms that dysphagia and hapless nutritionary position are prevalent in patients with acute ischaemic shot. ( Crary et al. , 2006 ) A population based long term follow up survey was conducted to find the Dysphagia nowadays in the first hebdomad of acute shot associated with long term result. Dysphagia was assessed within 1 hebdomad in the shot patients and they were followed up annually at 3 months for 5 old ages. And they found that the presence of Dysphagia during the acute stage of shot associated with hapless result during the undermentioned old ages, particularly at 3 months. The survey related the dysphagia with increased institutionalization rate. ( Smithard et al. , 1997 ) An experimental prospective survey on 87 patients admitted with acute shot in the University infirmary of South Manchester to happen out the relationship between the side of shot and the presence of aspiration on videofluoroscopy. They undertook the patients for encephalon CT scanning and repeated videofluoroscopy. The survey concluded that the go oning aspiration might be related to the side of intellectual lesion. ( O’Neill, 2000 ) A survey conducted to happen out the incidence of Dysphagia in shot patients who were admitted in neuro rehabilitation unit. The survey compared the clinical bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopy to specify any correlativity between Dysphagia and clinical features of the patients. They enrolled both ischaemic and haemorrhagic shot. They concluded that Dysphagia is seen in one tierce of the shot patients who admitted in nuero rehabilitation unit. The class of Dysphagia correlated with the dysarthria, aphasia, low FIM and degree of cognitive operation. They found that the big cortical shots of non dominant side were associated with Dysphagia. ( Caterina 2009 ) A prospective survey in 121 patients utilizing standardised bedside appraisal and videofluoroscopic scrutiny was done to foretell the relationship between Dysphagia with the result and complications after shot. The presence of aspiration, mortality, functional result, length of stay, topographic point of discharge, happening of chest infection, nutritionary position and hydration were the chief result steps. It was found that the unnatural sup on appraisal had a higher hazard of aspiration and hapless nutritionary position. The presence of Dysphagia was associated with an increased hazard of decease, disablement, length of infirmary stay and institutional attention. ( Morris, 2000 ) Assorted get downing techniques have consequence on the nutritionary result of the shot patients. The interventions such as unwritten motor exercising, different get downing techniques, placement, and diet alteration aid to better the nutritionary form depend on the patient status. About 38 shot patients between 53 to 89 old ages of age with subjective ailments of Dysphagia and oral/pharyngeal disfunction were underwent swallowing intervention. The consequence revealed that the betterment in get downing map was associated with betterment in nutritionary parametric quantities. ( Elmstahl et al.,1999 ) Exercise based Dysphagia therapy can better the functional and physiological alterations in get downing public presentation of the grownup with chronic Dysphagia. After 3 hebdomads of intense exercising based Dysphagia therapy swallowing was improved. Physiological alterations after therapy imply an improved neuromuscular operation within the swallow mechanism. ( Carnaby et al. , 2012 ) The progressive linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing map. A prospective cohort interventional survey suggested that the linguistic exercising plan helps to better the swallowing in patients with linguistic failing and get downing disablement. ( Robbins et al. , 2007 ) The clinical poster of the research worker leads to detect the shot patients. Investigator observed that one tierce of the patients who are holding shot developed get downing and feeding troubles which later result in aspiration pneumonia and add hazard to their life. All of them require dietetic alteration and half of them in demand of nasogastric or gastrostomy tubing for feeding support. This affect the nutritionary position and increase the length of infirmary stay and later affect the patient ‘s quality of life. This induce an involvement in the research worker over the peculiar country, â€Å" Post Stroke Dysphagia † . It gives a strong thrust to seek for the direction of Dysphagia in Post Stroke patients from diaries and besides from the life experience in the wards. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Effectiveness of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance among patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia at KMCH, Coimbatore-14 Aim The aims of the survey are to, Assess the Swallowing and Feeding Performance of patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Determine the effectivity of Selected Nursing Interventions on Swallowing and Feeding Performance in patients with Post Stroke Dysphagia. Associate the Swallowing and Feeding Performance with selected demographic and clinical variables. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS POST STROKE DYSPHAGIA It refers to the trouble in get downing irrespective of the country of encephalon harm, ischaemic or haemorrhagic shots among the station shot patients. SWALLOWING Performance It refers to the ability of station shot dysphagic patients to get down, which is assessed by utilizing Gugging Swallowing Screen ( GUSS ) graduated table and the patients are graded as mild, moderate, terrible and no dysphagic based on the mark obtained. Eating Performance Feeding public presentation implies the capableness of the station stroke dysphagic patients to go through the liquids, semisolids and solid nutrients from the oral cavity to the throat, and so into the tummy and it can be assessed by the Functional Oral Intake Scale ( FOIS ) to categorise the patients as either tubing dependant or entire unwritten consumption. SELECTED Nursing INTERVENTIONS Selected nursing intercessions refer to the nursing activities which include get downing exercisings such as Shaker exercising and Hyoid lift manoeuvre and Positioning during the swallowing to better the swallowing and feeding public presentation of the patients with station shot dysphagia. Hypothesis: H1: There is a important difference in the Swallowing and Feeding Performance before and after the execution of Selected Nursing Interventions in Post Stroke Patients with dysphagia. Premise: Patients with cerebrovascular accident suffer with changing grade of Dysphagia. Swallowing exercisings strengthen the swallowing musculuss. How to cite Cerebro Vascular Accident Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Saturday, December 7, 2019

International Macro Economics

Question: Discuss about the International Macro Economics. Answer: Introduction The economy of the United States is considered one of the most developed economy in the world. The total population of US was estimated as 321 million in 2015. The per-capita GDP in the year 2015 was $55,905 with the growth rate of 1.8%. The total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate in real terms in the year 2015 stood at 2.4%. In the year 2014, the total GDP had reached the maximum value of $17,419 billion in the United States. The inflation rate of the United States was1.7 % in 2015. However, the unemployment rate continues to be reasonably high having the value of 4.9% as on January 31, 2016 (USA.gov, 2016). There are some major industries, which directly or indirectly contribute in the GDP of the country. Food processing industry, mining industries, Electronic industries, aerospace, goods, telecommunication, automobiles, steel and ore, petroleum and natural gas are examples of those industries, which directly affect the level of the economy of the country. However, the major contribution in GDP is the service sector, which is having a high portion of 80%, manufacturing and food-processing industries is 19% and agriculture sector is 1.2% of the total GDP. The estimated labor force stood at 156 million as on March 31, 2016. About 14% of the total population of the United States was below poverty line in the year 2015 (Usa.gov, 2016). Production Output Performance The production output analysis of a country can be determined with the help of the real GDP growth rate and real GDP and GDP per capita analysis. Brief discussion about these parameters is as follows. Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP) It is an evaluation technique to determine the final value of a product or service in a given financial year without considering the variation in the price domain. It provides a base indication of the economic growth rate, which is not affected by inflation. (Abel et al., 2014). Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP) growth rate It provides the percentage change of rate in the value of real GDP from one financial year to another financial year. The purpose to find the growth rate is to forecast the per capita GDP (Mankiw, 2014). Real Gross Domestic Product (Real GDP) per capita is the evaluation method to determine the average GDP per individual, it is imperative to measure the per individual contribution in the gross domestic product of the real GDP (Argy, 2014) Performance trends - United States The trend of the real GDP of the United States during the period of 2005 2014 can be concluded in the graph shown below (Trading Economics, 2016). This graph provides the average incremental rise in the real GDP of the United States during the period of 2005-2014. The maximum value of GDP is $16,455.10 billion in the year 2015 and the minimum value of GDP is $13,800 billion in the year 2005. As per the graph, it is observed that there was a fall in the real GDP because of the global recession, which occurred in 2009. The GDP however recovered and reached a value of $16,000 billion in the year 2015. The following graph is indicating the growth rate of real GDP in the period of 2005-2014 (Trading Economics, 2016). It has been observed in the above figure that the highest value of the growth rate is 3.90 in 2005. However, the lowest value of growth rate is (-4) in 2009. It is clearly shown in the graph that there was a gradually decrease in the growth rate which ends at the minimum value of (-4) in 2009.The growth rate is rising in the next five years. The following graph is showing the per capita GDP during the period 2005-2014. (Trading Economics, 2016). The maximum value of per capita GDP reached in 2014 with a value of $50,662.4. However, the minimum value of per capita GDP observed in the year 2009 with a value of $47,575.6. As per the graph, it can be concluded that the people of the United States have improved their standards of living and expenses which caused a higher value of per capita GDP in the recent years and has reached the highest value in the year 2014. Detailed explanation of the performance indicators and direct effect on economy of the US The real GDP is the amount of the total goods product and service produced in the United States in a specified period. However, the production of goods and service is not specified for a particular year, hence the real GDP cannot be much affected by the inflation. Therefore, the real GDP is considered a well-explained measure to determine the national annual output or the overall growth of the country (Mankiw, 2012) The real growth rate cannot be mislead by the inflation, however; it is used to determine the direct economic growth of the country along with the efficiency of the annual production within the country on an annual basis. This rate is a more effective parameter to analyze the economic growth of the country, despite of the effect of deflation or inflation (Hoover, 2012). The per capita real GDP can be calculated by dividing the GDP value by the total registered national population of the country. This provides a brief indication of the living standards of the citizens of the United States (Parkin, 2012). Production output performance - Action taken by the Government The government has taken proactive actions to enhance the economic performance of the United States which are highlighted below (Dornbusch, Fischer Startz, 2014). Reduction in the cost of input variables, for example providing subsidies Adopted advanced and modern techniques for the product manufacturing units Decreased the duties on imported goods Eased loan schemes for entrepreneurs Provided financial support for the start-up enterprises To enhance the production rate of the goods, monetary department has monitored the inflation rate in such a way so that the demand will gradually increase Reasonable drop in the interest rate so that the small and medium class people could avail loan Encouraged the investments in the industry for more efficient production Labor Market Analysis Unemployment trends and unemployment rates in US The relevant graph for the unemployement rate in the US for the relevant period is indicated below (TradingEconomics, 2016). As per the observation, the unemployment rate reached its maximum value of 10% in the year 2009. Although, after 2009 the unemployment rate has gradually decreased in the upcoming years which has lead to lower unemployment rate in 2014. It can also be concluded from the graph that an exponential upward growth in the unemployment rates is seen in the year 2008-2009 because of the global recession. In this period, the economy of United States was affected by recession and caused unemployment in the country. Types of Unemployment in United States Unemployment can be described with the example of a situation in which an individual is willingly to work, but he/ she is not getting job due to a plethora of reasons ranging from lack of skills, recession or market structure. There are three basic types of unemployment. Cyclical Frictional Structural Brief discussion about the unemployment is as follows- Cyclical Unemployment - This type of unemployment occurs at the time of recession when the demand is less in the market due to a continuous fluctuation in the business cycle (Argy, 2013). At such time, the production is gradually decreased and rate of unemployment increases. However, at the time of market boom the rate of unemployment decreases and the overall production rate increase (Mankiw, 2012). Frictional unemployment - As the name suggests, it is a temporary time frame in which the unemployment occurs when one individual changes his/her job to any other job. Hence, the unemployment in between this time lag of switching for a suitable job is termed as frictional unemployment (Parkin, 2012). Structural Unemployment This unemployment occurs when the existing workforce is unable to handle the process in regards to change in the technology, industry or work structure due to lack of skill. When the economic structure changes, differential skills may be required (Popescu, 2013). As per the research, all the three types of unemployment exist in the United States. United States is a developed economy and experiences a cyclical transformation of the recovery, boom and recession. Cyclical unemployment is common in the US as when there is a reduction in the labor demand , the unemployment enhances (Dornbusch, Fischer Startz, 2014). On the other hand, United States is having lots of job availability due to market structure and therefore, the individual is more flexible to switch any job i.e. frictional unemployment increases. United States always pays a key attention to the technology enhancement which directly or indirectly affects the employment because new processes or advances in technology require well trained skilled labor to work. This leads to occurrence of structural employment( Parkin, 2012). Full employment in the United States - Action taken by the government United States has taken enormous steps to maintain an equilibrium employment level in the country. US government has taken following key measures to achieve full employment (Dornbusch, Fischer Startz, 2014). Reduction of the interest rate to increase the production by Federal Reserve board Organized non profit and public employment functions Huge investments in the infrastructure For less literate labor, US government has invested in providing shelter and transportation For more skilled workforce. government invested in research and development sector, educational programs for the up gradation of the employee These factors play a vital role and reduce unemployment rate in the country. Price Level Analysis The inflation rate and inflation trend for the period of 2005-2014 for US is shown below. (Trading Economics, 2016). This graph indicates the maximum variation in the inflation of United States in the time of 2008 2010 with the highest value of inflation 5.9% to the minimum value of (-1.9%). Although, in 2014 the inflation rate is near about 0%. Inflation - Type and definition Any change in the price level of the goods and service in a specified time is termed as inflation. This directly affects the purchasing power for a particular product. Type of inflation depends on various demand supply factors which cause the price to increase (Hoover, 2012). Deficit induced inflation - When the government has high deficit in the budget due to less financing, the price would become high and this is termed as deficit-induced inflation. Demand-pull inflation Extreme rise in the demand in comparison to supply causes high price. Costpush inflation If the rise in the price of goods is due to the shortage of the supply and high input cost , then it results in cost-pull inflation. Causes of inflation in United States United States has been seen both costpush and demand pull inflation in the past years. The major cause of cost-push inflation is huge dependence on imported goods and services. Government levies high tax on goods and reduces the input subsidies and hence the cost-push inflation comes into picture. In addition to that, due to different growth programs by the government, there has been an incremental rise in the aggregate income , which has fuelled the demand-pull inflation (Koutsoyiannis, 2013). Another more imperative cause for inflation is that the government has decreased the interest rate, which results in lesser saving and increases the expenses that finally enhances the demand. This sudden change in the price of the goods causes the demand -pull inflation (Mankiw, 2012). Actions taken by US government to combat inflation United States government has prudently used fiscal and monetary policies to reduce the rate of inflation so that the price would become stable (Dornbusch, Fischer Startz, 2014). Cost-push inflation Reduction in the per unit cost of the produced goods through higher efficiency and automation. With regards to fiscal policy, government has provided input subsidies Reduction of the interest rate by the Federal Reserve Bank leading to reduced finance costs. Demand -pull inflation Increment in the tax rate of the income of the citizen of the United States which directly causes fall in the disposable income, hence it results in significant drop of the demand Reduction in the aggregate demand by decreasing the employment beneficial schemes (Popescu, 2013) Conclusion As per the above discussion, it can be summarized that the overall economic status of United States in the last ten years from 2005-2014 has been wavering primarily due to the global financial crisis which adversely impacted the macroeconomics. However, the economy seems to have emerged well from the crisis and now poising for growth. The inflation rate and unemployment rate have stabalised and the economy seems poised for long term growth. This has been enabled primarily on account of prudent measures by the government so as to provide stimulus to the economy while ensuring that inflation does not go out of hand. References Abel, A., Bernanke, B., Croushore, D. (2014). Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Argy, V. (2013). International Macroeconomics. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S., Startz, R. (2014). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Hoover, K. (2012). Applied intermediate macroeconomics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Koutsoyiannis, A. (2013), Modern Macroeconomics, London: Palgrave McMillan Mankiw, N. (2012). Principles of macroeconomics. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Parkin, M. (2012). Macroeconomics. Harlow: Pearson Education. Popescu, G. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York: Addleton Academic Publishers. 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